Abstract
SUMMARY Standard growth analysis procedures were used to study the production and distribution of dry matter in 3 1/2 to 5‐year‐old coffee trees through their first and into their second commercial fruiting year. The trees were growing in the field and were treated according to normal commercial practice. Up to fifteen fruiting and deblossomed trees were harvested on each of seven occasions, at intervals of 63–90 days. The dry weights of four aerial fractions, five root fractions and all fallen, picked and pruned material were recorded. The net assimilation rate (E) of deblossomed trees was as large as that recorded in East Africa for coffee seedlings (0·13 g dm ‐2 wk ‐1 ). Fruiting trees increased in dry weight faster than deblossomed trees, even when their leaf area was 30% smaller. Their E was up to 0·19 g dm ‐2 wk ‐1 when expressed on a leaf area basis and up to 0·16 g dm ‐2 wk ‐1 even when the total green fruit surface area was included in the calculation. In the hot, dry season, January–February 1968, all parts of the trees increased in dry weight relatively slowly, except the thin roots (< 3 mm diameter) which, in this season, took about 10% of the dry weight increment. The trees had been pruned in December and E of deblossomed trees was only 0·09 g dm ‐2 wk ‐1 . Flushes of shoot growth occurred at the beginning of the Long Rains 1967 and 1968 (February–March). During the 1967 shoot growth flush, 61% of the dry weight increment was used in the production of new, large leaves with a mean specific leaf area of over 140 cm 2 g ‐1 . The thin roots took about 10 % of the increment, but the thicker roots increased in weight very slowly. The branches and trunk extended rapidly, but their radial growth was relatively slow. Following the shoot growth flushes, the leaf area ratio of the trees was large (0·38 dm 2 g ‐1 in 1967) and during the Long Rains (April–June 1967, 1968), when conditions were favourable for photosynthesis ( E 0·13 g dm ‐2 wk ‐1 ), all parts increased in dry weight relatively rapidly, although in 1968 the thin roots took as little as 3 % of the total increment. Leaf area ratio decreased during the Long Rains owing to a large decrease in specific leaf area (in 1967: 118 to 95 cm 2 g ‐1 ). Pruning was carried out in June and new leaf production during the cool, dry season, July to mid‐September, was very slow. Consequently, the total dry weight increase of the trees during this season was relatively small, although the E of deblossomed trees was 0·13 g dm ‐2 wk ‐1 . The leaves, which took 33 % of the increment, decreased further in specific leaf area (to 83 cm 2 g ‐1 ) and most root fractions increased in dry weight rapidly, the thin ones taking 17 % of the increment. Light fruiting in 1967 did not affect the seasonal periodicity in growth described. Both light and heavy fruiting tended, eventually, to lessen the dry weight increase of leaves and thin roots proportionately more than that of the trunk and thick roots. In 1968 fruiting trees retained over 8000 fruits per tree, which took over 70 % of the dry weight increment during the 1968 Long Rains, and became 36 % of the trees' dry weight. Some rootlets on these trees decreased in weight. Aspects of the productivity, growth periodicity and fruiting of coffee are discussed, and some management implications are noted.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Deblossomed coffee trees had a net assimilation rate as large as that recorded for coffee seedlings in East Africa, 0·13 g dm ‐2 wk ‐1.
- Taxon
- Coffea arabica
Coffea arabicat0 - Outcome
- net assimilation ratee1
- Value
- 0·13 g dm ‐2 wk ‐1e1
- Comparator
- coffee seedlingse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Coffea arabica L.”
e1“The net assimilation rate (E) of deblossomed trees was as large as that recorded in East Africa for coffee seedlings (0·13 g dm ‐2 wk ‐1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruiting coffee trees increased dry weight faster than deblossomed trees, even though their leaf area was 30% smaller.
- Taxon
- Coffea arabicaCoffea arabicat0
- Treatment
- fruitinge1
- Outcome
- dry weighte1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- even when their leaf area was 30% smallere1
- Comparator
- deblossomed treese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Coffea arabica L.”
e1“Fruiting trees increased in dry weight faster than deblossomed trees, even when their leaf area was 30% smaller”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruiting coffee trees had a net assimilation rate of up to 0·19 g dm ‐2 wk ‐1 when expressed on a leaf area basis.
- Taxon
- Coffea arabicaCoffea arabicat0
- Outcome
- Ee1
- Value
- 0·19 g dm ‐2 wk ‐1e1
- Qualifier
- when expressed on a leaf area basise1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Coffea arabica L.”
e1“Their E was up to 0·19 g dm ‐2 wk ‐1 when expressed on a leaf area basis and up to 0·16 g dm ‐2 wk ‐1 even when the total green fruit surface area was included in the calculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Net assimilation rate of fruiting coffee trees reached up to 0·16 g dm ‐2 wk ‐1 when the total green fruit surface area was included.
- Taxon
- Coffea arabicaCoffea arabicat0
- Outcome
- Ee1
- Value
- 0·16 g dm ‐2 wk ‐1e1
- Qualifier
- even when the total green fruit surface area was included in the calculatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Coffea arabica L.”
e1“Their E was up to 0·19 g dm ‐2 wk ‐1 when expressed on a leaf area basis and up to 0·16 g dm ‐2 wk ‐1 even when the total green fruit surface area was included in the calculation”
Claim · model-written summary
In the hot, dry season of January–February 1968, all parts of the coffee trees increased in dry weight relatively slowly.
- Taxon
- Coffea arabicaCoffea arabicat0
- Organ / stage
- all partse1
- Outcome
- dry weighte1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- relatively slowlye1
- Setting
- hot, dry season, January–February 1968e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Coffea arabica L.”
e1“In the hot, dry season, January–February 1968, all parts of the trees increased in dry weight relatively slowly”
Claim · model-written summary
In the hot, dry season, thin roots (< 3 mm diameter) took about 10% of the dry weight increment.
- Taxon
- Coffea arabicaCoffea arabicat0
- Organ / stage
- thin roots (< 3 mm diameter)e1
- Outcome
- dry weight incremente1
- Value
- about 10%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Coffea arabica L.”
e1“except the thin roots (< 3 mm diameter) which, in this season, took about 10% of the dry weight increment”
Claim · model-written summary
Trees pruned in December had a net assimilation rate of only 0·09 g dm ‐2 wk ‐1 for deblossomed trees.
- Taxon
- Coffea arabicaCoffea arabicat0
- Treatment
- pruned in Decembere1
- Outcome
- Ee1
- Value
- 0·09 g dm ‐2 wk ‐1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Coffea arabica L.”
e1“The trees had been pruned in December and E of deblossomed trees was only 0·09 g dm ‐2 wk ‐1 .”
Claim · model-written summary
During the 1967 shoot growth flush, 61% of the dry weight increment went into new, large leaves with a mean specific leaf area of over 140 cm 2 g ‐1.
- Taxon
- Coffea arabicaCoffea arabicat0
- Organ / stage
- new, large leavese1
- Outcome
- dry weight incremente1
- Value
- 61%e1
- Qualifier
- mean specific leaf area of over 140 cm 2 g ‐1e1
- Setting
- 1967 shoot growth flushe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Coffea arabica L.”
e1“During the 1967 shoot growth flush, 61% of the dry weight increment was used in the production of new, large leaves with a mean specific leaf area of over 140 cm 2 g ‐1 .”
Claim · model-written summary
During the 1967 shoot growth flush, thin roots took about 10% of the increment.
- Taxon
- Coffea arabicaCoffea arabicat0
- Organ / stage
- thin rootse1
- Outcome
- incremente1
- Value
- about 10 %e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Coffea arabica L.”
e1“The thin roots took about 10 % of the increment, but the thicker roots increased in weight very slowly.”
Claim · model-written summary
Following the shoot growth flushes, the leaf area ratio of coffee trees was large, 0·38 dm 2 g ‐1 in 1967.
- Taxon
- Coffea arabicaCoffea arabicat0
- Outcome
- leaf area ratioe1
- Value
- 0·38 dm 2 g ‐1e1
- Qualifier
- Following the shoot growth flushese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Coffea arabica L.”
e1“Following the shoot growth flushes, the leaf area ratio of the trees was large (0·38 dm 2 g ‐1 in 1967)”
Claim · model-written summary
During the Long Rains, all parts of the coffee trees increased in dry weight relatively rapidly.
- Taxon
- Coffea arabicaCoffea arabicat0
- Organ / stage
- all partse1
- Outcome
- dry weighte1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- relatively rapidlye1
- Setting
- Long Rains (April–June 1967, 1968)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Coffea arabica L.”
e1“during the Long Rains (April–June 1967, 1968), when conditions were favourable for photosynthesis ( E 0·13 g dm ‐2 wk ‐1 ), all parts increased in dry weight relatively rapidly”
Claim · model-written summary
In 1968 thin roots took as little as 3% of the total dry weight increment of coffee trees.
- Taxon
- Coffea arabicaCoffea arabicat0
- Organ / stage
- thin rootse1
- Outcome
- total incremente1
- Value
- 3 %e1
- Setting
- in 1968e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Coffea arabica L.”
e1“although in 1968 the thin roots took as little as 3 % of the total increment”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf area ratio of coffee trees decreased during the Long Rains, from 118 to 95 cm 2 g ‐1 in specific leaf area in 1967.
- Taxon
- Coffea arabicaCoffea arabicat0
- Outcome
- leaf area ratioe1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 118 to 95 cm 2 g ‐1e1
- Qualifier
- owing to a large decrease in specific leaf areae1
- Setting
- during the Long Rainse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Coffea arabica L.”
e1“Leaf area ratio decreased during the Long Rains owing to a large decrease in specific leaf area (in 1967: 118 to 95 cm 2 g ‐1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
New leaf production of coffee trees during the cool, dry season, July to mid‐September, was very slow.
- Taxon
- Coffea arabicaCoffea arabicat0
- Outcome
- new leaf productione1
- Qualifier
- very slowe1
- Setting
- cool, dry season, July to mid‐Septembere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Coffea arabica L.”
e1“new leaf production during the cool, dry season, July to mid‐September, was very slow”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaves took 33% of the dry weight increment of coffee trees.
- Taxon
- Coffea arabicaCoffea arabicat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Outcome
- incremente1
- Value
- 33 %e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Coffea arabica L.”
e1“The leaves, which took 33 % of the increment, decreased further in specific leaf area (to 83 cm 2 g ‐1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Specific leaf area of coffee leaves decreased to 83 cm 2 g ‐1 in the cool dry season.
- Taxon
- Coffea arabicaCoffea arabicat0
- Outcome
- specific leaf areae1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 83 cm 2 g ‐1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Coffea arabica L.”
e1“The leaves, which took 33 % of the increment, decreased further in specific leaf area (to 83 cm 2 g ‐1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
In 1968, fruiting coffee trees with over 8000 fruits took over 70% of the dry weight increment during the 1968 Long Rains.
- Taxon
- Coffea arabicaCoffea arabicat0
- Treatment
- fruitinge1
- Outcome
- dry weight incremente1
- Value
- over 70 %e1
- Qualifier
- retained over 8000 fruits per treee1
- Setting
- 1968 Long Rainse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Coffea arabica L.”
e1“In 1968 fruiting trees retained over 8000 fruits per tree, which took over 70 % of the dry weight increment during the 1968 Long Rains, and became 36 % of the trees' dry weight.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit in 1968 became 36% of the dry weight of fruiting coffee trees.
- Taxon
- Coffea arabicaCoffea arabicat0
- Outcome
- trees' dry weighte1
- Value
- 36 %e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Coffea arabica L.”
e1“In 1968 fruiting trees retained over 8000 fruits per tree, which took over 70 % of the dry weight increment during the 1968 Long Rains, and became 36 % of the trees' dry weight.”
Claim · model-written summary
Light fruiting in 1967 did not affect the seasonal periodicity of growth of coffee trees.
- Taxon
- Coffea arabicaCoffea arabicat0
- Treatment
- Light fruitinge1
- Outcome
- seasonal periodicity in growthe1
- Setting
- in 1967e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Coffea arabica L.”
e1“Light fruiting in 1967 did not affect the seasonal periodicity in growth described”
Claim · model-written summary
Light and heavy fruiting tended to lessen the dry weight increase of leaves and thin roots proportionately more than that of the trunk and thick roots.
- Taxon
- Coffea arabicaCoffea arabicat0
- Treatment
- light and heavy fruitinge1
- Outcome
- dry weight increase of leaves and thin rootse1
- Direction
- lessene1
- Comparator
- trunk and thick rootse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Coffea arabica L.”
e1“Both light and heavy fruiting tended, eventually, to lessen the dry weight increase of leaves and thin roots proportionately more than that of the trunk and thick roots”
The same questions in other papers
light · growth · Coffea arabica (arabica coffee)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.