Abstract
1. Irradiation of soaked seeds of Helianthus annuus causes a slight decrease in percentage of germination. The average total growth of the plants is less, and the average time of blossoming is shortened, even with doses so light that there are no immediate visible effects. A checking effect, proportional to the doses, is evident during the first three weeks of growth after seeds have been irradiated with medium doses. On unfolding, the leaves present a peculiar pitted or mosaic appearance, which seems to be due to an unequal distribution of chlorophyll, when medium or heavy doses are given the seeds. Heavy dosage does not stop development of soaked seeds until the cotyledons have been partially or wholly pushed through the soil. The root tip becomes brown in color and no growing stem tip appears. 2. Fasciations of stems, leaves, and flowers are induced by irradiation of seeds and seedlings with medium doses. Stem fasciations commonly took the form of flattening and dichotomous splitting of the main stem, which showed the presence of many blossoming branches instead of a single flower head. Fasciation of the flower head was represented by fusion in the involucral region and by forking of the stalk below the involucre, with two or three distinct heads resulting. Many leaf abnormalities,-ligulate leaves, altered phyllotaxy, and incipient fasciation, which marked earlier periods of growth, often disappeared before maturity. 3. Catalase activity is depressed in young seedlings whose seeds have been exposed to medium doses of X-rays. With older seedlings which are beginning to show recovery, however, there is but slight reduction in activity noticed. 4. Depressed respiration is associated with stunted growth when this accompanies heavy irradiation. The amount of carbon dioxide liberated from irradiated seedlings is less than that from controls similarly treated. 5. Normal oxidase activity is found in seedlings whose growth has been inhibited by heavy doses of X-rays. 6. Cells of the radicle tip from seedlings whose growth has been inhibited by heavy irradiation show elongation, great vacuolation or entire absence of protoplasm, and the absence of nuclei from many cells. The average size of the cells in the meristematic region of the radicle tip of irradiated material is greatly increased over that of the control. Xylem is increased at expense of the pith, and there is a greater suberin development in the hypocotyl regions of mature plants from irradiated seeds than in those of the control. The increase in vascular tissue in irradiated material is apparent even in seedlings but nine days old.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Irradiation slightly decreased germination percentage.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuus
Helianthus annuuse0 - Treatment
- Irradiation of soaked seedse0
- Outcome
- percentage of germinatione0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Irradiation of soaked seeds of Helianthus annuus causes a slight decrease in percentage of germination.”
Claim · model-written summary
Irradiated plants had less total growth.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuusHelianthus annuuse1
- Treatment
- Irradiation of soaked seedse2
- Outcome
- average total growthe0
- Direction
- lesse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The average total growth of the plants is less”
e1“Helianthus annuus”
e2“Irradiation of soaked seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Irradiation shortened time to blossoming even at light doses.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuusHelianthus annuuse1
- Treatment
- Irradiation of soaked seedse2
- Outcome
- average time of blossominge0
- Direction
- shortenede0
- Qualifier
- doses so light that there are no immediate visible effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the average time of blossoming is shortened, even with doses so light that there are no immediate visible effects”
e1“Helianthus annuus”
e2“Irradiation of soaked seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Medium doses checked growth proportionally to dose in the first three weeks.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuusHelianthus annuuse1
- Treatment
- irradiated with medium dosese0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- checkinge0
- Qualifier
- during the first three weekse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A checking effect, proportional to the doses, is evident during the first three weeks of growth after seeds have been irradiated with medium doses.”
e1“Helianthus annuus”
Claim · model-written summary
Medium or heavy seed irradiation produced pitted or mosaic leaves.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuusHelianthus annuuse1
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- medium or heavy dosese0
- Outcome
- pitted or mosaic appearancee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On unfolding, the leaves present a peculiar pitted or mosaic appearance, which seems to be due to an unequal distribution of chlorophyll, when medium or heavy doses are given the seeds.”
e1“Helianthus annuus”
Claim · model-written summary
Heavy dosage allowed soaked seeds to develop until cotyledons emerged, then root tips browned and stem tips failed to appear.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuusHelianthus annuuse1
- Organ / stage
- root tipe0
- Treatment
- Heavy dosagee0
- Outcome
- no growing stem tip appearse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heavy dosage does not stop development of soaked seeds until the cotyledons have been partially or wholly pushed through the soil. The root tip becomes brown in color and no growing stem tip appears.”
e1“Helianthus annuus”
Claim · model-written summary
Medium-dose irradiation induced fasciations in stems, leaves, and flowers.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuusHelianthus annuuse1
- Treatment
- irradiation of seeds and seedlings with medium dosese0
- Outcome
- Fasciations of stems, leaves, and flowerse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fasciations of stems, leaves, and flowers are induced by irradiation of seeds and seedlings with medium doses.”
e1“Helianthus annuus”
Claim · model-written summary
Early leaf abnormalities often disappeared before maturity.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuusHelianthus annuuse1
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Outcome
- leaf abnormalitiese0
- Direction
- disappearede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Many leaf abnormalities,-ligulate leaves, altered phyllotaxy, and incipient fasciation, which marked earlier periods of growth, often disappeared before maturity.”
e1“Helianthus annuus”
Claim · model-written summary
Medium-dose seed irradiation depressed catalase activity in young seedlings.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuusHelianthus annuuse1
- Organ / stage
- young seedlingse0
- Treatment
- exposed to medium doses of X-rayse0
- Gene
- Catalasee0
- Outcome
- Catalase activitye0
- Direction
- depressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Catalase activity is depressed in young seedlings whose seeds have been exposed to medium doses of X-rays.”
e1“Helianthus annuus”
Claim · model-written summary
Older recovering seedlings had only slight catalase reduction.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuusHelianthus annuuse2
- Organ / stage
- older seedlingse0
- Outcome
- activitye0
- Direction
- reductione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With older seedlings which are beginning to show recovery, however, there is but slight reduction in activity noticed.”
e1“Catalase activity”
e2“Helianthus annuus”
Claim · model-written summary
Heavy irradiation depressed respiration and carbon dioxide liberation in stunted seedlings.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuusHelianthus annuuse1
- Treatment
- heavy irradiatione0
- Outcome
- amount of carbon dioxide liberatede0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- controls similarly treatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Depressed respiration is associated with stunted growth when this accompanies heavy irradiation. The amount of carbon dioxide liberated from irradiated seedlings is less than that from controls similarly treated.”
e1“Helianthus annuus”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxidase activity remained normal despite growth inhibition from heavy X-rays.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuusHelianthus annuuse1
- Treatment
- heavy doses of X-rayse0
- Gene
- oxidasee0
- Outcome
- oxidase activitye0
- Direction
- Normale0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Normal oxidase activity is found in seedlings whose growth has been inhibited by heavy doses of X-rays.”
e1“Helianthus annuus”
Claim · model-written summary
Heavy irradiation caused radicle-tip cells to elongate, vacuolate or lack protoplasm and nuclei.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuusHelianthus annuuse1
- Organ / stage
- radicle tipe0
- Treatment
- heavy irradiatione0
- Outcome
- elongation, great vacuolation or entire absence of protoplasme0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cells of the radicle tip from seedlings whose growth has been inhibited by heavy irradiation show elongation, great vacuolation or entire absence of protoplasm, and the absence of nuclei from many cells.”
e1“Helianthus annuus”
Claim · model-written summary
Irradiated radicle meristem cells were larger than controls.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuusHelianthus annuuse1
- Organ / stage
- radicle tipe0
- Treatment
- irradiated materiale0
- Outcome
- average size of the cellse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The average size of the cells in the meristematic region of the radicle tip of irradiated material is greatly increased over that of the control.”
e1“Helianthus annuus”
Claim · model-written summary
Irradiated plants developed more xylem at the expense of pith and more hypocotyl suberin.
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuusHelianthus annuuse1
- Organ / stage
- hypocotyl regionse0
- Treatment
- irradiated seedse0
- Outcome
- Xyleme0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- those of the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Xylem is increased at expense of the pith, and there is a greater suberin development in the hypocotyl regions of mature plants from irradiated seeds than in those of the control.”
e1“Helianthus annuus”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.