Abstract
SUMMARY 1. An account is given of the present position of our knowledge with regard to the distribution and the physiological importance of nickel and cobalt, in relation to plants and animals. 2. Experiments on barley and broad beans were carried out in water cultures with the sulphates and chlorides of cobalt, nickel and copper. 3. In every case a range of low concentrations did little or no damage, but toxic action occurred abruptly above a concentration which varied with the species and with the compound. 4. With barley, copper was the most poisonous element in either compound, but the differences were not striking. Low concentrations of the sulphate were innocuous, but parallel low strengths of the chloride caused a slight, significant depression in growth. 5. With broad beans, cobalt was much more poisonous than either nickel or copper, particularly with the sulphate. No slight depression with low concentrations of the chloride was noticeable with this species. 6. The morphological response to toxicity varied with the element concerned. Copper, in poisonous strengths, caused shortening and “bunching” of barley roots, whereas nickel and cobalt permitted the growth of elongated roots of a very attenuated nature. 7. The individuality of plant response to poison was frequently shown by the great variation in growth in the borderline concentrations just below those which caused marked depression of growth.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Low concentrations of the salts caused little or no damage, whereas toxicity appeared abruptly above species- and compound-dependent thresholds.
- Taxon
- barley and broad beans
Vicia faba.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree1 - Outcome
- toxic actione0
- Direction
- occurred abruptlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“In every case a range of low concentrations did little or no damage, but toxic action occurred abruptly above a concentration which varied with the species and with the compound.”
e1“barley and broad beans”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper was the most poisonous element for barley in either compound.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- coppere0
- Outcome
- most poisonous elemente0
- Direction
- most poisonouse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With barley, copper was the most poisonous element in either compound”
Claim · model-written summary
Low sulphate concentrations were innocuous to barley, while corresponding chloride strengths significantly depressed growth.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- chloridee0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- depressione0
- Comparator
- sulphatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Low concentrations of the sulphate were innocuous, but parallel low strengths of the chloride caused a slight, significant depression in growth.”
e1“With barley, copper was the most poisonous element in either compound”
Claim · model-written summary
Cobalt was much more poisonous to broad beans than nickel or copper, particularly as sulphate.
- Taxon
- broad beansVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- cobalte0
- Outcome
- more poisonouse0
- Direction
- more poisonouse0
- Comparator
- nickel or coppere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With broad beans, cobalt was much more poisonous than either nickel or copper, particularly with the sulphate.”
Claim · model-written summary
Low chloride concentrations caused no noticeable slight depression in broad beans.
- Taxon
- broad beansVicia fabae1
- Treatment
- low concentrations of the chloridee0
- Outcome
- slight depressione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No slight depression with low concentrations of the chloride was noticeable with this species.”
e1“With broad beans, cobalt was much more poisonous”
Claim · model-written summary
Toxic copper shortened and bunched barley roots.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- Copper, in poisonous strengthse0
- Outcome
- shortening and “bunching” of barley rootse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Copper, in poisonous strengths, caused shortening and “bunching” of barley roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Toxic nickel and cobalt permitted elongated, attenuated barley roots.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree1
- Treatment
- nickel and cobalte0
- Outcome
- growth of elongated roots of a very attenuated naturee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whereas nickel and cobalt permitted the growth of elongated roots of a very attenuated nature.”
e1“barley roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Individual growth varied greatly at borderline concentrations below those causing marked depression.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“great variation in growth in the borderline concentrations just below those which caused marked depression of growth.”
e1“plant response to poison”
The same questions in other papers
chloride · growth · Hordeum vulgare (barley)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.