Abstract
Abstract The growth rate and duration of an individual seed are important parameters in the yield production process of a grain crop. Experiments were conducted in the CSIRO phytotron at Canberra, Australia to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate and duration of seed growth and associated plant characteristics in soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Soybeans (‘Fiskeby V’) were grown at 24/19 C until beginning seed growth and shifted to 18/13, 24/19, 27/22, 30/25, and 33/28 C (day/night temperature, 8‐hour day) until maturity. Seed growth rates (SGR) were estimated by harvesting seeds at 5‐day intervals, and from the growth rate of excised cotyledons cultured in nutrient media for 96 hours. The SGR of seed developing on the plant increased from 6.1 to 7.9 mg seed −1 day −1 as air temperatures increased from 18/13 to 27/22 C, but there was no further change as the temperature increased to 33/28 C. Excised cotyledons showed a similar growth rate response to temperature. Exposing the plants to high temperatures (33/28 C) during the period of flowering and pod set reduced SGR (36%) regardless of the temperature during the subsequent seed growth period, suggesting that seed growth is sensitive to temperature levels at these early stages. Seed respiration on a dry weight basis (mgCO 2 h −1 g −1 ) was not affected by temperature. The duration of seed growth was not affected by temperatures of 24/19 to 30/25 C but was reduced by 3 days at 33/28 C, and this was associated with accelerated leaf senescence as shown by leaf yellowing and reductions in CO 2 exchange rate. Final seed size was reduced from 200 to 151 mg seed −1 at 18/13 and 33/28 C. The data suggest that SGR and duration are relatively insensitive to temperatures ranging from 24/19 to 30/25 when these are imposed after flowering and pod development. The reduction in the duration of seed growth at high temperatures may be one mechanism by which high temperatures reduce yield.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Seed growth rate rose from 6.1 to 7.9 mg per seed per day as temperature rose from 18/13 to 27/22 C.
- Taxon
- soybeans
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- 27/22 Ce0
- Outcome
- SGR of seed developing on the plante0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 6.1 to 7.9 mg seed −1 day −1e0
- Comparator
- 18/13e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The SGR of seed developing on the plant increased from 6.1 to 7.9 mg seed −1 day −1 as air temperatures increased from 18/13 to 27/22 C”
t0“Soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed growth rate did not change further at 33/28 C.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 33/28 Ce0
- Outcome
- SGRt1
- Direction
- no further changee0
- Comparator
- 27/22 Ct1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was no further change as the temperature increased to 33/28 C”
t0“Soybeans”
t1“SGR of seed developing on the plant increased from 6.1 to 7.9 mg seed −1 day −1 as air temperatures increased from 18/13 to 27/22 C”
Claim · model-written summary
Excised cotyledons showed a similar temperature response in growth rate.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- cotyledonse0
- Outcome
- growth rate response to temperaturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Excised cotyledons showed a similar growth rate response to temperature”
t0“Soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
Exposure at 33/28 C during flowering and pod set reduced subsequent seed growth rate by 36%.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- high temperatures (33/28 C) during the period of flowering and pod sete0
- Outcome
- SGRe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 36%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposing the plants to high temperatures (33/28 C) during the period of flowering and pod set reduced SGR (36%) regardless of the temperature during the subsequent seed growth period”
t0“Soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed respiration on a dry-weight basis was unaffected by temperature.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- temperaturee0
- Outcome
- Seed respiration on a dry weight basise0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed respiration on a dry weight basis (mgCO 2 h −1 g −1 ) was not affected by temperature”
t0“Soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed-growth duration was unchanged across 24/19 to 30/25 C.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- temperatures of 24/19 to 30/25 Ce0
- Outcome
- duration of seed growthe0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The duration of seed growth was not affected by temperatures of 24/19 to 30/25 C”
t0“Soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
At 33/28 C seed-growth duration fell by three days.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 33/28 Ce0
- Outcome
- duration of seed growtht1
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 3 dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was reduced by 3 days at 33/28 C”
t0“Soybeans”
t1“The duration of seed growth was not affected by temperatures of 24/19 to 30/25 C”
Claim · model-written summary
High-temperature shortening of seed growth coincided with accelerated leaf yellowing.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Outcome
- leaf yellowinge0
- Direction
- acceleratede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this was associated with accelerated leaf senescence as shown by leaf yellowing”
t0“Soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
High-temperature shortening of seed growth coincided with reduced leaf carbon-dioxide exchange.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- leaft1
- Outcome
- CO 2 exchange ratee0
- Direction
- reductionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reductions in CO 2 exchange rate”
t0“Soybeans”
t1“leaf yellowing and reductions in CO 2 exchange rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Final seed size fell from 200 to 151 mg per seed at the temperature extremes.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- 18/13 and 33/28 Ce0
- Outcome
- Final seed sizee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 200 to 151 mg seed −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Final seed size was reduced from 200 to 151 mg seed −1 at 18/13 and 33/28 C”
t0“Soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer seed growth rate and duration are relatively insensitive to 24/19 to 30/25 C after flowering and pod development.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- SGR and duratione0
- Direction
- relatively insensitivee0
- Qualifier
- after flowering and pod developmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SGR and duration are relatively insensitive to temperatures ranging from 24/19 to 30/25 when these are imposed after flowering and pod development”
t0“Soybeans”
Claim · model-written summary
Shorter seed growth at high temperature may contribute to reduced yield.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- reduce yielde0
- Qualifier
- reduction in the duration of seed growth at high temperaturese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The reduction in the duration of seed growth at high temperatures may be one mechanism by which high temperatures reduce yield”
t0“Soybeans”
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