Abstract
Abstract The objective of this research was to mesasure the effect of intercropping corn (Zea mays L.) with velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) oil corn yields, soil fertility, and weed control in northern Belize. Two soils were used which are widespread in the area. These soils are high in clay (simectitc) and are well supplied with bases. One soil, the Louisville, has a black surface horizon overlying light gray to white calcareous weathered coral. The other soil was Xaibe which consists of a reddish‐brown clay over hard limestone “cap rock”; at 30–40 cm. Both soils had a relatively high organic carbon (C) and total nitrogen (N) content. We classified the Louisville as Calciustert and the Xaibe as a Ustropept. The treatments used (carried out annually in 1990, 1991, and 1992) were residue burn (B), bum plus fertilizer (BF), a velvet bean intercrop (G), and a velvet bean intercrop plus fertilizer (GF). Velvet bean intercropping did not have a positive effect on corn yields on these soils. For adequate yields to be maintained, it appears that fertilization with N, phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and certain micronutrients are required. We did obtain some indication that velvet bean intercropping will reduce weed population, including a serious infestation of cogongrass (Jmperata cylindrica). Velvet bean did not maintain the soil N content Corn yields decreased on the Louisville soil at San Victor from a range of 2,804 kg/ha to 3,181 kg/ha in 1990 to 1,783 kg/ha to 2,065 kg/ha in 1992. There were no significant treatment effects in any year. With the Xaibe soil, no yields were obtained in 1990 because of weed competition. In 1991, yields ranged from 555 kg/ha to 1,146 kg/ha (no significant treatment effects). In 1992, the fertilized plots, BF and GF, had corn yields of 1,391 kg/ha and 1,592 kg/ha, respectively. The unfertilized plots, B and G, had corn yields of 751 kg/ha and 699 kg/ha, respectively. We did obtain sufficient information valuable for persons making fertilizer recommendations on similar types of soil. The Mehlich 3 and the ammonium bicarbonate‐DTPA extractant (the latter extractant similar to that used in Belize) did not give good correlations between P and K leaf levels and corn yields. Where soil test P and K were often adequate, corn ear leaf levels were deficient (and presumably yields were reduced because of this metabolic deficiency). We concluded from both soil tests and leaf analyses that the micronutrients copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and molybdenum (Mo) are seldom, if ever, limiting plant growth and grain yield, although there appears to be seasonal differences. With both soils, soil tests were not good indicators of zinc (Zn) concentrations in the leaf. In 1992, soil tests indicated adequacy of this element, although leaf Zn was deficient in all plots on the Louisville soil in 1990, most plots in 1992, and several plots on the Xaibe soil in both years.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Both soils had relatively high organic carbon and total nitrogen.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayst0 - Outcome
- organic carbon (C) and total nitrogen (N) contente0
- Direction
- highe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both soils had a relatively high organic carbon (C) and total nitrogen (N) content”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Velvet bean intercropping did not improve corn yield.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- Velvet bean intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- corn yieldse0
- Direction
- did not have a positive effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Velvet bean intercropping did not have a positive effect on corn yields on these soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Velvet bean intercropping showed some evidence of reducing weeds, including cogongrass.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- velvet bean intercroppinge0
- Interactor
- cogongrasse0
- Outcome
- weed populatione0
- Direction
- reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“velvet bean intercropping will reduce weed population, including a serious infestation of cogongrass (Jmperata cylindrica)”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Velvet bean did not maintain soil nitrogen content.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Velvet beane0
- Outcome
- soil N contente0
- Direction
- did not maintaine0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Velvet bean did not maintain the soil N content”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Louisville corn yield fell from 1990 to 1992.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- Corn yieldse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 1,783 kg/ha to 2,065 kg/hae0
- Qualifier
- 2,804 kg/ha to 3,181 kg/ha in 1990e0
- Setting
- Louisville soil at San Victore0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Corn yields decreased on the Louisville soil at San Victor from a range of 2,804 kg/ha to 3,181 kg/ha in 1990 to 1,783 kg/ha to 2,065 kg/ha in 1992”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments had no significant effects in any year on Louisville soil.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- treatment effectse0
- Direction
- no significante0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There were no significant treatment effects in any year”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Xaibe produced no yield in 1990 because of weed competition.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Interactor
- weede0
- Outcome
- no yieldse0
- Qualifier
- weed competitione0
- Setting
- Xaibe soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With the Xaibe soil, no yields were obtained in 1990 because of weed competition”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Xaibe yields in 1991 ranged from 555 to 1,146 kg/ha with no significant treatment effect.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Value
- 555 kg/ha to 1,146 kg/hae0
- Qualifier
- no significant treatment effectse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 1991, yields ranged from 555 kg/ha to 1,146 kg/ha (no significant treatment effects)”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
In 1992, fertilized BF plots yielded 1,391 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Material
- BFe0
- Outcome
- corn yieldse0
- Value
- 1,391 kg/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the fertilized plots, BF and GF, had corn yields of 1,391 kg/ha and 1,592 kg/ha, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
In 1992, fertilized GF plots yielded 1,592 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Material
- GFe0
- Outcome
- corn yieldse0
- Value
- 1,592 kg/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the fertilized plots, BF and GF, had corn yields of 1,391 kg/ha and 1,592 kg/ha, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
In 1992, unfertilized B plots yielded 751 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Material
- Be0
- Outcome
- corn yieldse0
- Value
- 751 kg/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The unfertilized plots, B and G, had corn yields of 751 kg/ha and 699 kg/ha, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
In 1992, unfertilized G plots yielded 699 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Material
- Ge0
- Outcome
- corn yieldse0
- Value
- 699 kg/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The unfertilized plots, B and G, had corn yields of 751 kg/ha and 699 kg/ha, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Mehlich 3 and ammonium bicarbonate-DTPA tests correlated poorly with leaf P and K and yield.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- correlations between P and K leaf levels and corn yieldse0
- Qualifier
- did not give good correlationse0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Mehlich 3 and the ammonium bicarbonate‐DTPA extractant (the latter extractant similar to that used in Belize) did not give good correlations between P and K leaf levels and corn yields”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil test P and K were often adequate while ear-leaf levels were deficient.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Organ / stage
- ear leafe0
- Outcome
- corn ear leaf levelse0
- Direction
- deficiente0
- Comparator
- soil test P and Ke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Where soil test P and K were often adequate, corn ear leaf levels were deficient”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors inferred leaf nutrient deficiency may have reduced yields.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- metabolic deficiencye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“presumably yields were reduced because of this metabolic deficiency”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Cu, Mn, and Mo were seldom limiting for growth and grain yield.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- plant growth and grain yielde0
- Direction
- seldom, if ever, limitinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the micronutrients copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and molybdenum (Mo) are seldom, if ever, limiting plant growth and grain yield”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil tests poorly indicated leaf Zn on both soils.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- zinc (Zn) concentrations in the leafe0
- Qualifier
- not good indicatorse0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With both soils, soil tests were not good indicators of zinc (Zn) concentrations in the leaf”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf Zn was deficient in all Louisville plots in 1990.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- leaf Zne0
- Direction
- deficiente0
- Qualifier
- all plotse0
- Setting
- Louisville soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf Zn was deficient in all plots on the Louisville soil in 1990”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf Zn was deficient in most Louisville plots in 1992.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- leaf Zne0
- Direction
- deficiente0
- Qualifier
- most plots in 1992e0
- Setting
- Louisville soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf Zn was deficient in all plots on the Louisville soil in 1990, most plots in 1992”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf Zn was deficient in several Xaibe plots in both years.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- leaf Zne1
- Qualifier
- several plotse0
- Setting
- Xaibe soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“several plots on the Xaibe soil in both years”
t0“corn”
e1“leaf Zn was deficient in all plots on the Louisville soil in 1990, most plots in 1992, and several plots on the Xaibe soil in both years”
The same questions in other papers
Mucuna pruriens var. utilis · yield · Zea mays (maize)Results differ
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 11 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
12 papers more in this group
See all 16 papers →Mucuna pruriens var. utilis · nutrient: content · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
Mucuna pruriens var. utilis · weed · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
6 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →intercropping · weed · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
70 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- negative
- negative
75 papers more in this group
See all 79 papers →intercropping · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
220 papers in the same direction as this paper · 613 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
830 papers more in this group
See all 834 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.