Abstract
Many California rice growers are now using foliar-active herbicides that require fields to be drained before application. Current regulations limit aerial herbicides and they must be applied by ground, requiring a soil surface dry enough to support application equipment. Our research showed that draining rice fields for a prolonged period early in the season led to a buildup of nitrate in the soil. About 60% of this nitrogen was lost when the field was reflooded, reducing nitrogen-use efficiency and uptake, and lowering grain yields. Nitrate-nitrogen accumulated at a rate of about 1.8 pounds per acre daily, and accumulation began about 4 days after the field was drained. During a typical drain of 10 to 14 days, about 20 pounds of nitrate-nitrogen per acre can be lost. Field experiments showed that incorporating fertilizer nitrogen into the subsurface soil increases nitrogen-use efficiency. Based on this research, we recommend that growers incorporate as much of their preplant nitrogen as possible below the soil surface and limit the drain period as much as possible.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Prolonged early drainage built up soil nitrate.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- draining rice fields for a prolonged period early in the seasone0
- Outcome
- nitrate in the soile0
- Direction
- buildupe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“draining rice fields for a prolonged period early in the season led to a buildup of nitrate in the soil”
Claim · model-written summary
About 60% of accumulated nitrogen was lost on reflooding.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- this nitrogen was loste0
- Direction
- loste0
- Value
- 60%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“About 60% of this nitrogen was lost when the field was reflooded”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Reflooding reduced nitrogen use efficiency and uptake.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- nitrogen-use efficiency and uptakee0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reducing nitrogen-use efficiency and uptake, and lowering grain yields”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Reflooding lowered grain yield.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- loweringe0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reducing nitrogen-use efficiency and uptake, and lowering grain yields”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate nitrogen accumulated at about 1.8 pounds per acre daily.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- Nitrate-nitrogene0
- Direction
- accumulatede0
- Value
- about 1.8 pounds per acre dailye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrate-nitrogen accumulated at a rate of about 1.8 pounds per acre daily”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate accumulation began about four days after drainage.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- accumulatione0
- Value
- about 4 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“accumulation began about 4 days after the field was drained”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
A typical 10 to 14 day drain can lose about 20 pounds of nitrate nitrogen per acre.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- nitrate-nitrogen per acree0
- Direction
- loste0
- Value
- about 20 poundse0
- Qualifier
- typical drain of 10 to 14 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During a typical drain of 10 to 14 days, about 20 pounds of nitrate-nitrogen per acre can be lost”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Subsurface incorporation of fertilizer nitrogen increased nitrogen use efficiency.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- incorporating fertilizer nitrogen into the subsurface soile0
- Outcome
- nitrogen-use efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“incorporating fertilizer nitrogen into the subsurface soil increases nitrogen-use efficiency”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend incorporating preplant nitrogen below the soil surface.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- incorporate as much of their preplant nitrogen as possible below the soil surfacee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we recommend that growers incorporate as much of their preplant nitrogen as possible below the soil surface”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend limiting the drain period.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- limit the drain period as much as possiblee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“limit the drain period as much as possible”
t0“Rice”
The same questions in other papers
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- no effect
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See all 220 papers →nitrogen · nutrient: efficiency · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
216 papers in the same direction as this paper · 41 in the opposite direction · 4 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
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See all 262 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.