Abstract
ABSTRACT Between 8000 and 9000 tons of strawberries are used annually for jam manufacture in the UK, c. 65 % of which are stored in sulphite liquor (6 % SO 2 +lime, c. pH 3.0). Sporadic cases of disintegration of sulphited strawberries have been observed increasingly in recent years. In laboratory experiments breakdown of whole berries in sulphite liquor was achieved by including berries partly rotted with Mucor mucedo, Rhizopus sexualis or R. stolonifer , 1.5‐2.5 % infected material causing complete breakdown of all of the berries. The inclusion of up to 25 % berries infected with Botrytis cinerea caused no softening of the berries. The addition of culture filtrates to whole fruit in sulphite liquor confirmed observations with the above fungi but also showed that pectolytic enzymes from Aureobasidium pullulans and Trichosporon pullulans could cause breakdown. The incidence of spoilage fungi on commercially harvested fruit indicated that M. mucedo and R. sexualis were the main cause of breakdown, but that A. pullulans increased tenfold on fruit stored at 15 °C overnight before sulphiting. Results from commercially harvested fruit (cv. Cambridge Favourite) in 1975 and 1976 showed that: (I) fruit should be sulphited as soon as possible after harvest, since the storage of harvested fruit prior to sulphiting may give a poorer quality product; (2) there is little difference in breakdown of fruit from plants treated with the pre‐harvest fungicides, Elvaron, Mildothane, or Daconil, and (3) fruit grown in different areas of the UK shows varying amounts of breakdown. This may be due to differences in the infection level of Phycomycetes and contamination by other pectolytic fungi or inherent differences in the susceptibility of the fruit to enzyme attack.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Mucor mucedo-infected berries caused complete breakdown at 1.5–2.5% inclusion.
- Taxon
- strawberries
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassat0 - Treatment
- berries partly rotted with Mucor mucedoe0
- Interactor
- Mucor mucedo
Mucor mucedoe0pathogen - Outcome
- complete breakdown of all of the berriese0
- Value
- 1.5‐2.5 %e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“berries partly rotted with Mucor mucedo, Rhizopus sexualis or R. stolonifer , 1.5‐2.5 % infected material causing complete breakdown of all of the berries”
t0“strawberries”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizopus sexualis-infected berries caused complete breakdown at 1.5–2.5% inclusion.
- Taxon
- strawberriesFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Rhizopus sexualise0
- Interactor
- Rhizopus sexualisRhizopus sexualise0pathogen
- Outcome
- complete breakdown of all of the berriese0
- Value
- 1.5‐2.5 %e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rhizopus sexualis or R. stolonifer , 1.5‐2.5 % infected material causing complete breakdown of all of the berries”
t0“strawberries”
Claim · model-written summary
R. stolonifer-infected berries caused complete breakdown at 1.5–2.5% inclusion.
- Taxon
- strawberriesFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- R. stolonifere0
- Interactor
- R. stolonifer
Rhizopus stolonifere0pathogen - Outcome
- complete breakdown of all of the berriese0
- Value
- 1.5‐2.5 %e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“R. stolonifer , 1.5‐2.5 % infected material causing complete breakdown of all of the berries”
t0“strawberries”
Claim · model-written summary
Up to 25% Botrytis-infected berries caused no softening.
- Taxon
- strawberriesFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- berries infected with Botrytis cinereae0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinerea
Botrytis cinereae0pathogen - Outcome
- softening of the berriese0
- Direction
- no softeninge0
- Qualifier
- up to 25 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“up to 25 % berries infected with Botrytis cinerea caused no softening of the berries”
t0“strawberries”
Claim · model-written summary
Aureobasidium pullulans filtrates caused fruit breakdown.
- Taxon
- strawberriesFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- pectolytic enzymes from Aureobasidium pullulanse0
- Interactor
- Aureobasidium pullulans
Aureobasidium pullulanse0pathogen - Outcome
- breakdowne0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pectolytic enzymes from Aureobasidium pullulans and Trichosporon pullulans could cause breakdown”
t0“strawberries”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichosporon pullulans filtrates caused fruit breakdown.
- Taxon
- strawberriesFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Trichosporon pullulanse0
- Interactor
- Trichosporon pullulansTausonia pullulanse0pathogen
- Outcome
- breakdowne0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pectolytic enzymes from Aureobasidium pullulans and Trichosporon pullulans could cause breakdown”
t0“strawberries”
Claim · model-written summary
M. mucedo and R. sexualis were the main breakdown causes on harvested fruit.
- Taxon
- strawberriesFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- M. mucedoMucor mucedoe0pathogen
- Second interactor
- R. sexualisRhizopus sexualise0pathogen
- Outcome
- main cause of breakdowne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“M. mucedo and R. sexualis were the main cause of breakdown”
t0“strawberries”
Claim · model-written summary
A. pullulans increased tenfold after overnight storage at 15 °C.
- Taxon
- strawberriesFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- A. pullulansAureobasidium pullulanse0pathogen
- Outcome
- A. pullulanse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- tenfolde0
- Qualifier
- stored at 15 °C overnight before sulphitinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. pullulans increased tenfold on fruit stored at 15 °C overnight before sulphiting”
t0“strawberries”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend sulphiting fruit promptly after harvest.
- Taxon
- strawberriesFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- sulphited as soon as possible after harveste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fruit should be sulphited as soon as possible after harvest”
t0“strawberries”
Claim · model-written summary
Preharvest fungicides showed little difference in fruit breakdown.
- Taxon
- strawberriesFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- pre‐harvest fungicidese0
- Outcome
- breakdown of fruite0
- Direction
- little differencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there is little difference in breakdown of fruit from plants treated with the pre‐harvest fungicides, Elvaron, Mildothane, or Daconil”
t0“strawberries”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit breakdown varied among UK growing areas.
- Taxon
- strawberriesFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- amounts of breakdowne0
- Direction
- varyinge0
- Setting
- UKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fruit grown in different areas of the UK shows varying amounts of breakdown”
t0“strawberries”
The same questions in other papers
Botrytis cinerea · quality: postharvest · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- no effect
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →infection · quality: postharvest · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.