Abstract
AbstractRice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food for more than 50% of the world’s population, and phosphorus (P) is one of the most yield-limiting nutrients for rice production in tropical acidic soils worldwide. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate efficiency of six P sources for upland rice production. The P sources used were simple superphosphate (SSP), polymer-coated SSP (PSSP), triple superphosphate (TSP), polymer-coated TSP (PTSP), monoammonium phosphate (MAP), and polymer-coated MAP (PMAP). There were four P rates [50, 100 200, and 400 mg phosphorus (P) kg−1] applied with four sources plus one control treatment [0 mg phosphorus (P) kg−1]. Plant height, straw yield, grain yield, panicle density, root dry weight, maximum root length, and 1000-grain weight were significantly increased with increasing P rates in the range of 0 to 400 mg P kg−1. However, P-use efficiency (mg grain produced per mg P applied) was decreased with increasing P rate. Based on regression equation, overall maximum plant height was obtained with the application of 235 mg P kg−1, maximum straw yield with the application of 265 mg P kg−1, and maximum grain yield at 227 mg P kg−1. Based on maximum grain yield, the P source were classified as PMAP > SSP = MAP > PSSP > TSP > PTSP in the upland rice production efficiency. Overall, maximum panicle density was obtained with the addition of 231 mg P kg−1 and maximum 1000-weight was obtained with the addition of 226 mg P kg−1. Similarly, overall root dry weight and maximum root length were achieved with the application of 261 and 298 mg P kg−1 of soil. Most of the growth and yield components had a significant positive association with grain yield. Optimum soil acidity indices such as pH; exchangeable calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K); Ca, Mg, and K saturation; base saturation; and acidity saturation were established for maximum upland rice grain yield.Keywords: Grain yieldP-use efficiencyroot growthyield components AcknowledgmentPolymer-coated P sources were supplied by Produquímica/Wirstchat Com. & Ind. S.A., São Paulo, Brazil.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Plant height, straw yield and grain yield increased with P rates from 0 to 400 mg P per kg in the greenhouse
- Taxon
- upland rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- increasing P rates in the range of 0 to 400 mg P kg−1e1
- Outcome
- Plant height, straw yield, grain yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- one control treatmente2
- Setting
- greenhouse experimente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate efficiency of six P sources for upland rice production”
e1“Plant height, straw yield, grain yield, panicle density, root dry weight, maximum root length, and 1000-grain weight were significantly increased with increasing P rates in the range of 0 to 400 mg P kg−1”
e2“plus one control treatment [0 mg phosphorus (P) kg−1]”
Claim · model-written summary
Panicle density, root dry weight and maximum root length increased with P rates from 0 to 400 mg P per kg in the greenhouse
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- increasing P rates in the range of 0 to 400 mg P kg−1e1
- Outcome
- panicle density, root dry weight, maximum root lengthe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- one control treatmente2
- Setting
- greenhouse experimente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate efficiency of six P sources for upland rice production”
e1“Plant height, straw yield, grain yield, panicle density, root dry weight, maximum root length, and 1000-grain weight were significantly increased with increasing P rates in the range of 0 to 400 mg P kg−1”
e2“plus one control treatment [0 mg phosphorus (P) kg−1]”
Claim · model-written summary
1000-grain weight increased with P rates from 0 to 400 mg P per kg in the greenhouse
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- increasing P rates in the range of 0 to 400 mg P kg−1e1
- Outcome
- 1000-grain weighte1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- one control treatmente2
- Setting
- greenhouse experimente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate efficiency of six P sources for upland rice production”
e1“Plant height, straw yield, grain yield, panicle density, root dry weight, maximum root length, and 1000-grain weight were significantly increased with increasing P rates in the range of 0 to 400 mg P kg−1”
e2“plus one control treatment [0 mg phosphorus (P) kg−1]”
Claim · model-written summary
P-use efficiency decreased with increasing P rate
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- increasing P ratee3
- Outcome
- P-use efficiencye3
- Direction
- decreasede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate efficiency of six P sources for upland rice production”
e3“P-use efficiency (mg grain produced per mg P applied) was decreased with increasing P rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Overall maximum plant height was obtained at 235 mg P per kg
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- the application of 235 mg P kg−1e4
- Outcome
- overall maximum plant heighte4
- Direction
- maximume4
- Value
- 235 mg P kg−1e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate efficiency of six P sources for upland rice production”
e4“overall maximum plant height was obtained with the application of 235 mg P kg−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum straw yield was obtained at 265 mg P per kg
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- the application of 265 mg P kg−1e5
- Outcome
- maximum straw yielde5
- Direction
- maximume5
- Value
- 265 mg P kg−1e5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate efficiency of six P sources for upland rice production”
e5“maximum straw yield with the application of 265 mg P kg−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum grain yield was obtained at 227 mg P per kg
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- at 227 mg P kg−1e6
- Outcome
- maximum grain yielde6
- Direction
- maximume6
- Value
- 227 mg P kg−1e6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate efficiency of six P sources for upland rice production”
e6“maximum grain yield at 227 mg P kg−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum panicle density was obtained with 231 mg P per kg
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- the addition of 231 mg P kg−1e7
- Outcome
- maximum panicle densitye7
- Direction
- maximume7
- Value
- 231 mg P kg−1e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate efficiency of six P sources for upland rice production”
e7“maximum panicle density was obtained with the addition of 231 mg P kg−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum 1000-grain weight was obtained with 226 mg P per kg
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- the addition of 226 mg P kg−1e7
- Outcome
- maximum 1000-weighte7
- Direction
- maximume7
- Value
- 226 mg P kg−1e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate efficiency of six P sources for upland rice production”
e7“maximum 1000-weight was obtained with the addition of 226 mg P kg−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimum root dry weight was obtained with 261 mg P per kg of soil
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- the application of 261 and 298 mg P kg−1 of soile7
- Outcome
- overall root dry weighte7
- Value
- 261e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate efficiency of six P sources for upland rice production”
e7“overall root dry weight and maximum root length were achieved with the application of 261 and 298 mg P kg−1 of soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum root length was obtained with 298 mg P per kg of soil
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- the application of 261 and 298 mg P kg−1 of soile7
- Outcome
- maximum root lengthe7
- Value
- 298e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate efficiency of six P sources for upland rice production”
e7“overall root dry weight and maximum root length were achieved with the application of 261 and 298 mg P kg−1 of soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Upland rice grain yield ranks the P sources as PMAP > SSP = MAP > PSSP > TSP > PTSP
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- six P sourcese0
- Outcome
- upland rice production efficiencye7
- Qualifier
- PMAP > SSP = MAP > PSSP > TSP > PTSPe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate efficiency of six P sources for upland rice production”
e7“the P source were classified as PMAP > SSP = MAP > PSSP > TSP > PTSP in the upland rice production efficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
Most growth and yield components had a significant positive association with grain yield in upland rice
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- growth and yield componentse7
- Direction
- positivee7
- Comparator
- grain yielde7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate efficiency of six P sources for upland rice production”
e7“Most of the growth and yield components had a significant positive association with grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimum soil acidity indices were established for maximum upland rice grain yield
- Taxon
- upland riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- Optimum soil acidity indicese7
- Qualifier
- for maximum upland rice grain yielde7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate efficiency of six P sources for upland rice production”
e7“Optimum soil acidity indices such as pH; exchangeable calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K); Ca, Mg, and K saturation; base saturation; and acidity saturation were established for maximum upland rice grain yield”
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