Abstract
Although nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) co-application improves crop growth, yield, and N use efficiency (NUE) of rice, few studies have investigated the mechanisms underlying these interactions. To investigate root morphological and physiological characteristics and determine yield and nitrogen use parameters, rhizo-box experiments were performed on rice using six treatments (no fertilizer, PK, N, NK, NP, and NPK) and plants were harvested at maturity. The aboveground biomass at the elongating stage and grain yield at maturity for NPK treatment were higher than the sum of PK and N treatments. N, P, and K interactions enhanced grain yield due to an increase in agronomic N use efficiency (NAE). The co-application of N, P, and K improved N uptake and N recovery efficiency, exceeding the decreases in physiological and internal NUE and thereby improving NAE. Increases in root length and biomass, N uptake per unit root length/root biomass, root oxidation activity, total roots absorption area, and roots active absorption area at the elongating stage improved N uptake via N, P, and K interactions. The higher total N uptake from N, P, and K interactions was due to improved root characteristics, which enhanced the rice yield and NUE.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
NPK increased aboveground biomass beyond the sum of PK and N treatments at elongation.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Organ / stage
- elongating stagee0
- Treatment
- NPK treatmente0
- Outcome
- aboveground biomasse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- the sum of PK and N treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The aboveground biomass at the elongating stage and grain yield at maturity for NPK treatment were higher than the sum of PK and N treatments.”
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK increased grain yield beyond the sum of PK and N treatments at maturity.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- maturitye0
- Treatment
- NPK treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- the sum of PK and N treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The aboveground biomass at the elongating stage and grain yield at maturity for NPK treatment were higher than the sum of PK and N treatments.”
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
N, P and K interactions enhanced grain yield through increased agronomic N use efficiency.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- N, P, and K interactionse0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- increase in agronomic N use efficiencye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N, P, and K interactions enhanced grain yield due to an increase in agronomic N use efficiency (NAE).”
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of N, P and K improved N uptake.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- co-application of N, P, and Ke0
- Outcome
- N uptakee0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The co-application of N, P, and K improved N uptake and N recovery efficiency, exceeding the decreases in physiological and internal NUE and thereby improving NAE.”
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of N, P and K improved N recovery efficiency.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- co-application of N, P, and Ke0
- Outcome
- N recovery efficiencye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The co-application of N, P, and K improved N uptake and N recovery efficiency, exceeding the decreases in physiological and internal NUE and thereby improving NAE.”
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of N, P and K decreased physiological and internal NUE.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- co-application of N, P, and Ke0
- Outcome
- physiological and internal NUEe0
- Direction
- decreasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The co-application of N, P, and K improved N uptake and N recovery efficiency, exceeding the decreases in physiological and internal NUE and thereby improving NAE.”
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of N, P and K improved NAE.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- co-application of N, P, and Ke0
- Outcome
- NAEe0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The co-application of N, P, and K improved N uptake and N recovery efficiency, exceeding the decreases in physiological and internal NUE and thereby improving NAE.”
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
N, P and K interactions increased root length and biomass at elongation.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- elongating stagee0
- Treatment
- N, P, and K interactionse0
- Outcome
- root length and biomasse0
- Direction
- Increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increases in root length and biomass, N uptake per unit root length/root biomass, root oxidation activity, total roots absorption area, and roots active absorption area at the elongating stage improved N uptake via N, P, and K interactions.”
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
N, P and K interactions increased N uptake per unit root length and biomass.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- N, P, and K interactionse0
- Outcome
- N uptake per unit root length/root biomasse0
- Direction
- Increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increases in root length and biomass, N uptake per unit root length/root biomass, root oxidation activity, total roots absorption area, and roots active absorption area at the elongating stage improved N uptake via N, P, and K interactions.”
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
N, P and K interactions increased root oxidation activity and absorption areas.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- N, P, and K interactionse0
- Outcome
- root oxidation activity, total roots absorption area, and roots active absorption areae0
- Direction
- Increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increases in root length and biomass, N uptake per unit root length/root biomass, root oxidation activity, total roots absorption area, and roots active absorption area at the elongating stage improved N uptake via N, P, and K interactions.”
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Improved root characteristics increased N uptake under N, P and K interactions.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- N, P, and K interactionse0
- Outcome
- N uptakee0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- root length and biomasse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increases in root length and biomass, N uptake per unit root length/root biomass, root oxidation activity, total roots absorption area, and roots active absorption area at the elongating stage improved N uptake via N, P, and K interactions.”
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Improved root characteristics enhanced rice yield and NUE under N, P and K interactions.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- N, P, and K interactionse0
- Outcome
- rice yield and NUEe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- improved root characteristicse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The higher total N uptake from N, P, and K interactions was due to improved root characteristics, which enhanced the rice yield and NUE.”
t0“Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
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