Abstract
Abstract Double cropping involving minimum‐till planting has become popular in many parts of the USA. In Wisconsin, double‐cropping usually includes canning peas ( Pisum sativum L.) as the spring crop. Trifluralin ( a,a,a ‐trifluoro‐2,6‐dinitro‐ N,N ‐dipropyl‐ p ‐toluidine) is used for weed control in much of this pea acreage. Since effects of trifluralin residues alone or in combination with subsequent herbicide treatments on summer crops and weeds were unknown, experiments were conducted at the Univ. of Wisconsin Arlington Farm in 1977 and 1978 on a Plano silt loam (Typic Argiudoll, fine, silty, mixed mesic) with 3.5 to 4.0% organic matter. Corn ( Zea mays L.), grain sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), and soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] were minimum‐till planted following canning peas grown with or without preplant‐incorporated trifluralin. Effects of two herbicide combinations and an untreated control were compared in each of the summer crops. Trifluralin controlled both broadleaf and grass weeds in canning peas but did not increase shelled pea yield. Average weed growth in corn, grain sorghum, and soybeans following peas treated with trifluralin was reduced 52, 52, and 62%, and average grain yields of corn and soybeans were increased 10 and 28%, respectively, compared with the same crops following untreated. peas. Trifluralin residues reduced grain sorghum stands (44%) and yields (17%). Alachlor [2‐chloro‐2′, 6′‐diethyl‐ N ‐(methoxymethyl) acetanilide] + atrazine [2‐chloro‐4‐(ethylamino)‐6‐(isopropylamino)‐ s ‐triazine] + paraquat (1,1‐dimethyl‐4,4′‐bipyridinium ion) was more effective in reducing weed growth in minimum‐till corn than alachlor + cyanazine [2‐chloro‐4‐(1‐cyano‐1‐methylethylamino)‐6‐ethylamino‐ s ‐triazine] + paraquat. There was no significant difference between the two combinations in terms of corn grain yield, however. Alachlor + cyanazine + paraquat following trifluralin in peas resulted in better weed control in minimum‐till corn than a similar treatment applied to corn planted following peas grown without trifluralin. Atrazine + paraquat and 2,4‐D [(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] + paraquat also provided excellent weed control in grain sorghum, and alachlor + linuron [3‐(3‐4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1‐methoy‐1‐methylurea] + paraquat, and linuron + paraquat provided excellent weed control and increased grain yields in soybeans when both crops were minimum‐till planted after peas treated with trifluralin. Overall, soybeans appeared to be the most successful of the three crops when minimum‐till double‐cropped following peas under southern Wisconsin conditions.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Trifluralin controlled both broadleaf and grass weeds in canning peas.
- Taxon
- canning pease0
- Treatment
- Trifluraline0
- Interactor
- broadleaf and grass weedse0weed
- Outcome
- broadleaf and grass weedse0
- Direction
- controllede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Trifluralin controlled both broadleaf and grass weeds in canning peas but did not increase shelled pea yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifluralin did not increase shelled pea yield.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Trifluralin controlled both broadleaf and grass weeds in canning peas but did not increase shelled pea yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifluralin in peas reduced average weed growth in minimum-till corn by 52.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Treatment
- trifluraline0
- Outcome
- Average weed growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 52e0
- Comparator
- untreatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Average weed growth in corn, grain sorghum, and soybeans following peas treated with trifluralin was reduced 52, 52, and 62%, and average grain yields of corn and soybeans were increased 10 and 28%, respectively, compared with the same crops following untreated. peas.”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifluralin in peas reduced average weed growth in grain sorghum by 52.
- Taxon
- grain sorghum
Sorghum bicolore0 - Treatment
- trifluraline0
- Outcome
- Average weed growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 52e0
- Comparator
- untreatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Average weed growth in corn, grain sorghum, and soybeans following peas treated with trifluralin was reduced 52, 52, and 62%, and average grain yields of corn and soybeans were increased 10 and 28%, respectively, compared with the same crops following untreated. peas.”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifluralin in peas reduced average weed growth in soybeans by 62%.
- Taxon
- soybeans
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- trifluraline0
- Outcome
- Average weed growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 62%e0
- Comparator
- untreatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Average weed growth in corn, grain sorghum, and soybeans following peas treated with trifluralin was reduced 52, 52, and 62%, and average grain yields of corn and soybeans were increased 10 and 28%, respectively, compared with the same crops following untreated. peas.”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifluralin in peas increased average grain yield of corn by 10.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- trifluraline0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10e0
- Comparator
- untreatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Average weed growth in corn, grain sorghum, and soybeans following peas treated with trifluralin was reduced 52, 52, and 62%, and average grain yields of corn and soybeans were increased 10 and 28%, respectively, compared with the same crops following untreated. peas.”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifluralin in peas increased average grain yield of soybeans by 28%.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- trifluraline0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 28%e0
- Comparator
- untreatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Average weed growth in corn, grain sorghum, and soybeans following peas treated with trifluralin was reduced 52, 52, and 62%, and average grain yields of corn and soybeans were increased 10 and 28%, respectively, compared with the same crops following untreated. peas.”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifluralin residues reduced grain sorghum stands by 44%.
- Taxon
- grain sorghumSorghum bicolore0
- Treatment
- Trifluralin residuese0
- Outcome
- standse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 44%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trifluralin residues reduced grain sorghum stands (44%) and yields (17%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifluralin residues reduced grain sorghum yields by 17%.
- Taxon
- grain sorghumSorghum bicolore0
- Treatment
- Trifluralin residuese0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 17%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trifluralin residues reduced grain sorghum stands (44%) and yields (17%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine with alachlor and paraquat was more effective than alachlor with cyanazine and paraquat in reducing weed growth in minimum-till corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- Alachlor [2‐chloro‐2′, 6′‐diethyl‐ N ‐(methoxymethyl) acetanilide] + atrazinee0
- Outcome
- weed growthe0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Comparator
- alachlor + cyanazinee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Alachlor [2‐chloro‐2′, 6′‐diethyl‐ N ‐(methoxymethyl) acetanilide] + atrazine [2‐chloro‐4‐(ethylamino)‐6‐(isopropylamino)‐ s ‐triazine] + paraquat (1,1‐dimethyl‐4,4′‐bipyridinium ion) was more effective in reducing weed growth in minimum‐till corn than alachlor + cyanazine [2‐chloro‐4‐(1‐cyano‐1‐methylethylamino)‐6‐ethylamino‐ s ‐triazine] + paraquat”
Claim · model-written summary
There was no significant difference in corn grain yield between the two herbicide combinations.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- the two combinationse0
- Outcome
- corn grain yielde0
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was no significant difference between the two combinations in terms of corn grain yield, however”
Claim · model-written summary
Alachlor with cyanazine and paraquat applied after trifluralin in peas gave better weed control in minimum-till corn than the same treatment after untreated peas.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- Alachlor + cyanazine + paraquat following trifluralin in pease0
- Outcome
- weed controle0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- peas grown without trifluraline0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Alachlor + cyanazine + paraquat following trifluralin in peas resulted in better weed control in minimum‐till corn than a similar treatment applied to corn planted following peas grown without trifluralin”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine with paraquat provided excellent weed control in grain sorghum.
- Taxon
- grain sorghumSorghum bicolore0
- Treatment
- Atrazine + paraquate0
- Outcome
- weed controle0
- Direction
- excellente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Atrazine + paraquat and 2,4‐D [(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] + paraquat also provided excellent weed control in grain sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D with paraquat provided excellent weed control in grain sorghum.
- Taxon
- grain sorghumSorghum bicolore0
- Treatment
- 2,4‐D [(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] + paraquate0
- Outcome
- weed controle0
- Direction
- excellente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Atrazine + paraquat and 2,4‐D [(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] + paraquat also provided excellent weed control in grain sorghum”
Claim · model-written summary
Alachlor with linuron and paraquat provided excellent weed control in soybeans after trifluralin-treated peas.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- alachlor + linuron [3‐(3‐4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1‐methoy‐1‐methylurea] + paraquate0
- Outcome
- weed controle0
- Direction
- excellente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alachlor + linuron [3‐(3‐4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1‐methoy‐1‐methylurea] + paraquat, and linuron + paraquat provided excellent weed control and increased grain yields in soybeans when both crops were minimum‐till planted after peas treated with trifluralin”
Claim · model-written summary
Linuron with paraquat provided excellent weed control in soybeans after trifluralin-treated peas.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- linuron + paraquate0
- Outcome
- weed controle0
- Direction
- excellente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alachlor + linuron [3‐(3‐4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1‐methoy‐1‐methylurea] + paraquat, and linuron + paraquat provided excellent weed control and increased grain yields in soybeans when both crops were minimum‐till planted after peas treated with trifluralin”
Claim · model-written summary
Linuron with paraquat increased soybean grain yields after trifluralin-treated peas.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- linuron + paraquate0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alachlor + linuron [3‐(3‐4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1‐methoy‐1‐methylurea] + paraquat, and linuron + paraquat provided excellent weed control and increased grain yields in soybeans when both crops were minimum‐till planted after peas treated with trifluralin”
Claim · model-written summary
Alachlor with linuron and paraquat increased soybean grain yields after trifluralin-treated peas.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- alachlor + linuron [3‐(3‐4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1‐methoy‐1‐methylurea] + paraquate0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alachlor + linuron [3‐(3‐4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1‐methoy‐1‐methylurea] + paraquat, and linuron + paraquat provided excellent weed control and increased grain yields in soybeans when both crops were minimum‐till planted after peas treated with trifluralin”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybeans were the most successful of the three crops when minimum-till double-cropped after peas in southern Wisconsin.
- Taxon
- soybeansGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- most successfule0
- Comparator
- three cropse0
- Setting
- southern Wisconsin conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overall, soybeans appeared to be the most successful of the three crops when minimum‐till double‐cropped following peas under southern Wisconsin conditions”
The same questions in other papers
paraquat · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
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See all 12 papers →linuron · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
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See all 13 papers →trifluralin · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
10 papers in the same direction as this paper · 11 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- no effect
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See all 24 papers →atrazine · weed · Zea mays (maize)Results differ
196 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
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See all 202 papers →paraquat · weed · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
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1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →paraquat · weed · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
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6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →alachlor · yield · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
11 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- negative
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See all 17 papers →trifluralin · yield · Sorghum bicolor (sorghum)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
8 of 18 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.