Abstract
There are little published data on the physiolo-gical research of the growth of tulip bulbs throughout the yearly life cycle. In this report, the nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism and the overall picture of activity of auxins and inhibitors throughout the life cycle are dealt with, especially, those relating to the so-called thermoperiodicity. BLAAUW, by microscopic observations of the meristem during and immediately after each temperature treatment, distinguished between the direct and indirect temperature effect and identified each optimal temperature with a definite morphological stage. Each developmental stage has its own optimal temperature; organ initiation needs the highest temperature, stem elongation and unfolding of the flower a lower one, and preparation for elongation, a stage which has no morphological significance, occurs best at the lowest temperature. 1. Fresh weight versus dry weight. Fresh weight of bulbs increases with the progress of the current season's shoot growth. Maximum weight is attained about June 15 in the sandy soil field and about June 25 in the paddy field and thereafter it decreases gradually. Dry weight of bulbs increases in parallel with the increase of the fresh weight and the maximum weight is gained 10 days earlier than the case of the fresh weight. In practice bulbs are lifted from the ground after they have attained the maximum fresh weight. Chilling stimulates the decrease of the dry weight but in the chilled bulbs fresh weight decreases less than that of those kept in the room temperature. Progress of the growth processes of bulbs grown in the sandy soil field proceeds 10 days earlier than that of the bulbs grown in the paddy field. 2. Nitrogenous constituents: Nitrogen content per bulb increases with the increase of the fresh weight and maximum gain is attained later than that of the fresh weight. The percentage of nitrogen content to fresh weight increases also with the progress of the growth process. Soluble and insoluble nitrogens show similar trends, the former reaching the first peak later than the latter. In contrast to the bulbs kept in the room temperature, in chilled bulbs the percentage of insoluble nitrogen content to fresh weight decreases and of soluble nitroge increases. In chilled bulbs insoluble nitrogen is accelerated to change into soluble form. Nitrogen content per bulb and percent content on a fresh weight basis of bulbs grown in the sandy soil field are higher than those of bulbs grown in the paddy field. 3. Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates content per bulb and percent content on a fresh weight basis increases/or decreases with the increase/or decrease of the fresh weight of the bulbs. Carbohydrates content per bulb decreases gradually. Percent content of fresh weight basis of bulbs grown in the paddy field decreases gradually, whereas that of the bulbs grown in the sandy soil field rather abruptly. Preceding to the fresh weight, total sugar content (percent of the fresh weight) reaches the maximum and then decreases rather abruptly up to May (bulbs grown in the sandy soil field. about May 25) or June (bulbs grown in the paddy field: about June 15) and then remain constant till the middle of October, whence increases again gradually. Polysaccharides, having reached the maximum, decrease gradually. Polysaccharides of bulbs grown in the sandy soil field decreased rapidly than those of the bulbs grown in the paddy field. In chilled bulbs, polysaccharides abruptly decreased and total sugars increased abruptly. Polysaccharides are forced to change into sugars by chilling. Starch is the main polysaccharide and most of sugars is non-reducing. Starch accumulates initially in the outermost bulb scale, and having reached to the maximum, it decreases. Then it accumulates and decreases successively in the inner bulb scales. In chilled bulbs, starch in the scale decreases abruptly.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Each developmental stage of tulip has its own optimal temperature: organ initiation needs the highest temperature, and each optimal temperature corresponds to a definite morphological stage.
- Taxon
- tulip bulbst0
- Treatment
- temperaturee1
- Outcome
- organ initiatione1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Qualifier
- identified each optimal temperature with a definite morphological stagee2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“tulip bulbs”
e1“Each developmental stage has its own optimal temperature; organ initiation needs the highest temperature, stem elongation and unfolding of the flower a lower one, and preparation for elongation, a stage which has no morphological significance, occurs best at the lowest temperature”
e2“identified each optimal temperature with a definite morphological stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum tulip bulb weight was attained about June 15 in the sandy soil field.
Verbatim
t0“tulip bulbs”
e3“Maximum weight is attained about June 15 in the sandy soil field and about June 25 in the paddy field”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum tulip bulb weight was attained about June 25 in the paddy field.
Verbatim
t0“tulip bulbs”
e3“Maximum weight is attained about June 15 in the sandy soil field and about June 25 in the paddy field”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum dry weight of tulip bulbs was gained 10 days earlier than the maximum fresh weight.
Verbatim
t0“tulip bulbs”
e4“the maximum weight is gained 10 days earlier than the case of the fresh weight”
Claim · model-written summary
Chilling decreased the dry weight of tulip bulbs.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“tulip bulbs”
e5“Chilling stimulates the decrease of the dry weight”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth processes of tulip bulbs in the sandy soil field proceeded 10 days earlier than in the paddy field.
Verbatim
t0“tulip bulbs”
e6“Progress of the growth processes of bulbs grown in the sandy soil field proceeds 10 days earlier than that of the bulbs grown in the paddy field”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen content per tulip bulb and its percentage on a fresh weight basis increase with growth.
Verbatim
t0“tulip bulbs”
e7“Nitrogen content per bulb increases with the increase of the fresh weight and maximum gain is attained later than that of the fresh weight. The percentage of nitrogen content to fresh weight increases also with the progress of the growth process”
Claim · model-written summary
The first peak of soluble nitrogen in tulip bulbs is reached later than that of insoluble nitrogen.
Verbatim
t0“tulip bulbs”
e1“Soluble and insoluble nitrogens show similar trends, the former reaching the first peak later than the latter”
Claim · model-written summary
In chilled tulip bulbs the percentage of insoluble nitrogen to fresh weight decreases compared with room temperature.
Verbatim
t0“tulip bulbs”
e1“In contrast to the bulbs kept in the room temperature, in chilled bulbs the percentage of insoluble nitrogen content to fresh weight decreases and of soluble nitroge increases”
Claim · model-written summary
In chilled tulip bulbs soluble nitrogen increases compared with room temperature.
Verbatim
t0“tulip bulbs”
e1“In contrast to the bulbs kept in the room temperature, in chilled bulbs the percentage of insoluble nitrogen content to fresh weight decreases and of soluble nitroge increases”
Claim · model-written summary
Chilling appears to accelerate the change of insoluble nitrogen into soluble form and of polysaccharides into sugars in tulip bulbs.
Verbatim
t0“tulip bulbs”
e1“In chilled bulbs insoluble nitrogen is accelerated to change into soluble form”
e2“Polysaccharides are forced to change into sugars by chilling”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen content per bulb of tulip bulbs grown in the sandy soil field is higher than in the paddy field.
Verbatim
t0“tulip bulbs”
e1“Nitrogen content per bulb and percent content on a fresh weight basis of bulbs grown in the sandy soil field are higher than those of bulbs grown in the paddy field”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbohydrate content per bulb of tulip bulbs increases or decreases with the fresh weight.
- Taxon
- tulip bulbst0
- Organ / stage
- bulbse1
- Outcome
- Carbohydrates content per bulbe1
- Qualifier
- with the increase/or decrease of the fresh weighte1
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
t0“tulip bulbs”
e1“Carbohydrates content per bulb and percent content on a fresh weight basis increases/or decreases with the increase/or decrease of the fresh weight of the bulbs”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbohydrate content per bulb of tulip bulbs decreases gradually.
Verbatim
t0“tulip bulbs”
e1“Carbohydrates content per bulb decreases gradually”
Claim · model-written summary
Percent carbohydrate content of tulip bulbs decreases gradually in the paddy field and rather abruptly in the sandy soil field.
Verbatim
t0“tulip bulbs”
e1“Percent content of fresh weight basis of bulbs grown in the paddy field decreases gradually, whereas that of the bulbs grown in the sandy soil field rather abruptly”
Claim · model-written summary
Total sugar content of tulip bulbs reaches a maximum and then decreases abruptly, while polysaccharides decrease gradually after their maximum.
Verbatim
t0“tulip bulbs”
e1“total sugar content (percent of the fresh weight) reaches the maximum and then decreases rather abruptly up to May (bulbs grown in the sandy soil field. about May 25)”
e2“Polysaccharides, having reached the maximum, decrease gradually”
Claim · model-written summary
Polysaccharides of tulip bulbs decreased more rapidly in the sandy soil field than in the paddy field.
Verbatim
t0“tulip bulbs”
e1“Polysaccharides of bulbs grown in the sandy soil field decreased rapidly than those of the bulbs grown in the paddy field”
Claim · model-written summary
In chilled tulip bulbs polysaccharides decreased abruptly.
- Taxon
- tulip bulbst0
- Treatment
- chilled bulbse1
- Outcome
- polysaccharidese1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Qualifier
- total sugars increased abruptlye1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“tulip bulbs”
e1“In chilled bulbs, polysaccharides abruptly decreased and total sugars increased abruptly”
Claim · model-written summary
Starch is the main polysaccharide of tulip bulbs, and most sugars are non-reducing.
Verbatim
t0“tulip bulbs”
e1“Starch is the main polysaccharide and most of sugars is non-reducing”
Claim · model-written summary
Starch in the outermost tulip bulb scale accumulates initially and then decreases; in chilled bulbs it decreases abruptly.
Verbatim
t0“tulip bulbs”
e1“Starch accumulates initially in the outermost bulb scale, and having reached to the maximum, it decreases”
e2“In chilled bulbs, starch in the scale decreases abruptly”