Abstract
We studied, by means of field experiments, the combined effects of irrigation system, mulching material and genetic resistance on the incidence of strawberry anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum acutatum. All trials involved artificial inoculation with fruits colonized by the pathogen. One experiment examined the effects of drip irrigation, overhead sprinkler irrigation, and localized low-pressure tape irrigation, and the effects of grass (Brachiaria sp.) and plastic (polyethylene) mulches, in a split plot, randomized complete block design with four replicates. Lower disease incidence, indicating lower pathogen dispersal, was verified with low-pressure tape and drip irrigation. Flower blight and fruit rot incidence in drip-irrigated plots was minimal (ca. 2% of the disease levels in the plots otherwise irrigated). Grass mulch reduced flower blight in the sprinkler system (up to 80%), but had no significant effect when disease levels were already low due to use of other irrigation systems. A second experiment compared the effects of grass mulch, pine (Pinus elliotti) mulch, and plastic mulch with overhead sprinkler irrigation on strawberry cultivars partially resistant (‘Dover’) and susceptible (‘Campinas’) to the disease in a factorial completely randomized design (CRD). Both organic mulches reduced flower blight and diseased fruit incidence by up to 76% compared to the plastic mulch treatment, especially in the early stages of the epidemics. ‘Dover’ had 70% lower incidence of flower blight than ‘Campinas’, and the effects of organic mulches were more pronounced in ‘Campinas’. A third experiment, with all three irrigation systems combined with inoculated and non-inoculated plots, estimated yield effects due to disease and irrigation system. All plots were covered with plastic mulch in a CRD with six treatments. This experiment clearly confirmed the higher flower blight and fruit rot incidences when sprinkler irrigation was used. In inoculated treatments, fruit yield was significantly reduced in tape-irrigated plots, and more so in sprinkler-irrigated plots. In drip-irrigated plots yield was reduced by only 1%. Overall, our results confirm the importance of cultural and genetic factors as valuable means of strawberry anthracnose management. Adoption of localized irrigation systems, the use of organic mulches and choice of a partially resistant cultivar significantly reduced disease levels in field plots. The importance of water splash for C. acutatum dispersal and its dependency on the soil mulch characteristics are the likely causes for the results observed.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Low-pressure tape and drip irrigation lowered anthracnose incidence.
- Taxon
- strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassat0 - Treatment
- low-pressure tape and drip irrigatione0
- Outcome
- disease incidencee0
- Direction
- Lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Lower disease incidence, indicating lower pathogen dispersal, was verified with low-pressure tape and drip irrigation.”
t0“strawberry anthracnose”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip-irrigated plots had minimal flower blight and fruit rot, around 2% of levels under other irrigation.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- drip-irrigatede0
- Outcome
- Flower blight and fruit rot incidencee0
- Direction
- minimale0
- Value
- ca. 2%e0
- Comparator
- plots otherwise irrigatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flower blight and fruit rot incidence in drip-irrigated plots was minimal (ca. 2% of the disease levels in the plots otherwise irrigated).”
t0“strawberry anthracnose”
Claim · model-written summary
Grass mulch reduced flower blight under sprinkler irrigation by up to 80%.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Grass mulche0
- Outcome
- flower blighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- up to 80%e0
- Qualifier
- sprinkler systeme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grass mulch reduced flower blight in the sprinkler system (up to 80%)”
t0“strawberry anthracnose”
Claim · model-written summary
Grass mulch had no significant effect where other irrigation systems had already lowered disease.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- Grass mulche0
- Outcome
- disease levelse0
- Direction
- no significant effecte0
- Qualifier
- other irrigation systemse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grass mulch reduced flower blight in the sprinkler system (up to 80%), but had no significant effect when disease levels were already low due to use of other irrigation systems.”
t0“strawberry anthracnose”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic mulches reduced flower blight and diseased fruit incidence by up to 76% versus plastic mulch.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- organic mulchese0
- Outcome
- flower blight and diseased fruit incidencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- up to 76%e0
- Comparator
- plastic mulch treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both organic mulches reduced flower blight and diseased fruit incidence by up to 76% compared to the plastic mulch treatment, especially in the early stages of the epidemics.”
t0“strawberry anthracnose”
Claim · model-written summary
Dover had 70% lower flower blight incidence than Campinas.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Material
- Dovere0
- Outcome
- incidence of flower blighte0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 70%e0
- Comparator
- Campinase0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Dover’ had 70% lower incidence of flower blight than ‘Campinas’”
t0“strawberry anthracnose”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic mulch effects were more pronounced in Campinas.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Material
- Campinase0
- Treatment
- organic mulchese0
- Outcome
- effects of organic mulchese0
- Direction
- more pronouncede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of organic mulches were more pronounced in ‘Campinas’.”
t0“strawberry anthracnose”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprinkler irrigation had higher flower blight and fruit rot incidence.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- sprinkler irrigatione0
- Outcome
- flower blight and fruit rot incidencese0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher flower blight and fruit rot incidences when sprinkler irrigation was used.”
t0“strawberry anthracnose”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease significantly reduced yield in tape-irrigated inoculated plots.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- inoculated treatmentse0
- Outcome
- fruit yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- tape-irrigated plotse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In inoculated treatments, fruit yield was significantly reduced in tape-irrigated plots”
t0“strawberry anthracnose”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease reduced yield more in sprinkler-irrigated plots.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- inoculated treatmentse0
- Outcome
- fruit yielde0
- Direction
- more soe0
- Qualifier
- sprinkler-irrigated plotse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In inoculated treatments, fruit yield was significantly reduced in tape-irrigated plots, and more so in sprinkler-irrigated plots.”
t0“strawberry anthracnose”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease reduced yield by only 1% in drip-irrigated plots.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- drip-irrigatede0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 1%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In drip-irrigated plots yield was reduced by only 1%.”
t0“strawberry anthracnose”
Claim · model-written summary
Localized irrigation, organic mulch, and a partially resistant cultivar reduced disease in field plots.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- localized irrigation systems, the use of organic mulches and choice of a partially resistant cultivare0
- Outcome
- disease levelse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Setting
- field plotse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Adoption of localized irrigation systems, the use of organic mulches and choice of a partially resistant cultivar significantly reduced disease levels in field plots.”
t0“strawberry anthracnose”
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