Abstract
Strawberry anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum acutatum is often asymptomatic on plants in sprinkler-irrigated nurseries but destructive after transplantation into fruiting fields. This study evaluated the impact of strawberry nursery sprinkler and drip irrigation in the presence or absence of C. acutatum on post-transplantation plant growth, mortality, and fruit yield in fruiting fields in California. In a 2005 nursery at Tulelake, CA, dip infestation of mother plants with C. acutatum reduced early-season mother plant canopy size by 21% and delayed runner production in mother plants but otherwise had no obvious disease symptoms. In comparison with sprinkler-irrigated treatments in the nursery, drip irrigation of infested nursery plots reduced plant losses in fruit production fields by 86% at Watsonville, CA, in 2005 and 50% and 75% at Oxnard, CA, in 2005 and 2008. Transplants from infested nursery treatments had a 33% to 60% smaller canopy and 11% to 42% lower yield than transplants from uninfested nursery treatments. However, transplant canopy size and yield from the infested and then drip-irrigated nursery treatment were similar to the sprinkler-irrigated, non-infested nursery treatment. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction measurements of C. acutatum in crown tissue of fruiting field plants seven weeks after transplanting showed significantly more C. acutatum (≈11×) in their crowns in sprinkler-irrigated than drip-irrigated, infested nursery transplant treatments. During the course of fruit production, the amount of C. acutatum in crown tissue increased in all treatments. However, at the end of the fruit season, there was still significantly more (≈8×) C. acutatum in the crowns of the plants produced by sprinkler irrigation than by drip irrigation in the nursery. These data suggest that if C. acutatum is present in the nursery, drip irrigation can reduce subsequent plant stunting and yield losses in strawberry production fields.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
C. acutatum infestation reduced mother plant canopy size by 21%.
- Treatment
- dip infestation of mother plants with C. acutatume0
- Interactor
- C. acutatum
Colletotrichum acutatume0pathogen - Outcome
- mother plant canopy sizee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 21%e0
- Setting
- Tulelake, CAe0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In a 2005 nursery at Tulelake, CA, dip infestation of mother plants with C. acutatum reduced early-season mother plant canopy size by 21%”
Claim · model-written summary
C. acutatum infestation delayed strawberry runner production.
- Treatment
- dip infestation of mother plants with C. acutatume0
- Interactor
- C. acutatumColletotrichum acutatume0pathogen
- Outcome
- runner productione0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dip infestation of mother plants with C. acutatum reduced early-season mother plant canopy size by 21% and delayed runner production in mother plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Infested mother plants had no obvious other disease symptoms.
- Taxon
- Strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassat0 - Outcome
- disease symptomse0
- Direction
- no obviouse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“delayed runner production in mother plants but otherwise had no obvious disease symptoms.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Nursery drip irrigation reduced field plant losses by 86% at Watsonville in 2005.
- Treatment
- drip irrigation of infested nursery plotse0
- Outcome
- plant lossese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 86%e0
- Comparator
- sprinkler-irrigated treatmentse0
- Setting
- Watsonville, CAe0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“In comparison with sprinkler-irrigated treatments in the nursery, drip irrigation of infested nursery plots reduced plant losses in fruit production fields by 86% at Watsonville, CA, in 2005”
Claim · model-written summary
Nursery drip irrigation reduced field plant losses by 50% at Oxnard in 2005.
- Treatment
- drip irrigation of infested nursery plotse0
- Outcome
- plant lossese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 50%e0
- Qualifier
- 2005e0
- Comparator
- sprinkler-irrigated treatmentse0
- Setting
- Oxnard, CAe0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“In comparison with sprinkler-irrigated treatments in the nursery, drip irrigation of infested nursery plots reduced plant losses in fruit production fields by 86% at Watsonville, CA, in 2005 and 50% and 75% at Oxnard, CA, in 2005 and 2008”
Claim · model-written summary
Nursery drip irrigation reduced field plant losses by 75% at Oxnard in 2008.
- Treatment
- drip irrigation of infested nursery plotse0
- Outcome
- plant lossese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 75%e0
- Qualifier
- 2008e0
- Comparator
- sprinkler-irrigated treatmentse0
- Setting
- Oxnard, CAe0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“In comparison with sprinkler-irrigated treatments in the nursery, drip irrigation of infested nursery plots reduced plant losses in fruit production fields by 86% at Watsonville, CA, in 2005 and 50% and 75% at Oxnard, CA, in 2005 and 2008”
Claim · model-written summary
Transplants from infested nurseries had 33% to 60% smaller canopies.
- Treatment
- infested nursery treatmentse0
- Outcome
- canopye0
- Direction
- smallere0
- Value
- 33% to 60%e0
- Comparator
- uninfested nursery treatmentse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Transplants from infested nursery treatments had a 33% to 60% smaller canopy and 11% to 42% lower yield than transplants from uninfested nursery treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Transplants from infested nurseries had 11% to 42% lower yield.
- Treatment
- infested nursery treatmentse0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 11% to 42%e0
- Comparator
- uninfested nursery treatmentse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Transplants from infested nursery treatments had a 33% to 60% smaller canopy and 11% to 42% lower yield than transplants from uninfested nursery treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Canopy size after infested drip-irrigated nursery treatment resembled uninfested sprinkler controls.
- Treatment
- infested and then drip-irrigated nursery treatmente0
- Outcome
- transplant canopy sizee0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- sprinkler-irrigated, non-infested nursery treatmente0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“transplant canopy size and yield from the infested and then drip-irrigated nursery treatment were similar to the sprinkler-irrigated, non-infested nursery treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield after infested drip-irrigated nursery treatment resembled uninfested sprinkler controls.
- Treatment
- infested and then drip-irrigated nursery treatmente0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- sprinkler-irrigated, non-infested nursery treatmente0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“transplant canopy size and yield from the infested and then drip-irrigated nursery treatment were similar to the sprinkler-irrigated, non-infested nursery treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
At seven weeks, sprinkler nursery plants had about elevenfold more crown C. acutatum than drip nursery plants.
- Organ / stage
- crown tissuee0
- Treatment
- sprinkler-irrigatede0
- Interactor
- C. acutatumColletotrichum acutatume0pathogen
- Outcome
- C. acutatum in crown tissuee0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- ≈11×e0
- Comparator
- drip-irrigatede0
Not reportedTaxon
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Quantitative polymerase chain reaction measurements of C. acutatum in crown tissue of fruiting field plants seven weeks after transplanting showed significantly more C. acutatum (≈11×) in their crowns in sprinkler-irrigated than drip-irrigated, infested nursery transplant treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Crown C. acutatum increased during fruit production in all treatments.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- C. acutatumColletotrichum acutatume0pathogen
- Outcome
- amount of C. acutatum in crown tissuee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During the course of fruit production, the amount of C. acutatum in crown tissue increased in all treatments.”
t0“Strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
At season end, sprinkler nursery plants had about eightfold more crown C. acutatum than drip nursery plants.
- Treatment
- sprinkler irrigatione0
- Interactor
- C. acutatumColletotrichum acutatume0pathogen
- Outcome
- C. acutatum in the crownse0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- ≈8×e0
- Comparator
- drip irrigatione0
Not reportedTaxon
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at the end of the fruit season, there was still significantly more (≈8×) C. acutatum in the crowns of the plants produced by sprinkler irrigation than by drip irrigation in the nursery.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude drip irrigation can reduce subsequent strawberry stunting and yield loss when the pathogen is present.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- drip irrigatione0
- Interactor
- C. acutatumColletotrichum acutatume0pathogen
- Outcome
- plant stunting and yield lossese0
- Direction
- reducee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“if C. acutatum is present in the nursery, drip irrigation can reduce subsequent plant stunting and yield losses in strawberry production fields.”
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