Abstract
Effective and adapted criteria for irrigation scheduling are required to improve yield and water use efficiency (WUE) and reduce the environmental impacts associated with water and nutrients losses by runoff and leaching. In this study, field-scale experiments were conducted at four commercial strawberry production sites with contrasting soil and climatic conditions. Within each site, the influence of different soil matric potential-based irrigation thresholds (IT) on yield and WUE was evaluated. Matric potential-based irrigation management was also compared with common irrigation practices used by producers in each site's respective areas. At Site 1 (silty clay loam; humid continental (Dfb) climate), an IT of −15 kPa improved yields by 6.2% without any additional use of water relative to common irrigation practices. At Site 2, with similar soil and climatic conditions, the irrigation treatments did not affect yield and the matric potential-based management decreased WUE relative to common practices. However, the results suggested that maintaining the soil matric potential lower than −9 kPa could induce stressing conditions for the plants. At Site 3 (sandy loam; Mediterranean (Cs) climate), the best yield and WUE were obtained with an IT of −8 kPa and suggested that WUE could be further improved by implementing high-frequency irrigation. At Site 4 (clay loam; Mediterranean (Cs) climate), results suggested that an IT between −10 and −15 kPa could optimize yield and WUE, and matric potential-based irrigation considerably reduced leaching under the root zone relative to common practices. Considering the results from all sites, an IT of −10 kPa appears to be adequate as a starting point for further optimizing irrigation under most field conditions.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
At Site 1, a −15 kPa threshold improved strawberry yield by 6.2% against common practice.
- Taxon
- strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassat0 - Treatment
- IT of −15 kPae0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 6.2%e0
- Comparator
- common irrigation practicese0
- Setting
- Site 1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“At Site 1 (silty clay loam; humid continental (Dfb) climate), an IT of −15 kPa improved yields by 6.2% without any additional use of water relative to common irrigation practices.”
t0“field-grown strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
At Site 1, a −15 kPa threshold used no extra water relative to common practice.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- IT of −15 kPae0
- Outcome
- use of watere0
- Direction
- without any additionale0
- Comparator
- common irrigation practicese0
- Setting
- Site 1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an IT of −15 kPa improved yields by 6.2% without any additional use of water relative to common irrigation practices.”
e1“At Site 1 (silty clay loam; humid continental (Dfb) climate), an IT of −15 kPa improved yields by 6.2% without any additional use of water relative to common irrigation practices.”
t0“field-grown strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
At Site 2, irrigation treatments did not affect strawberry yield.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- irrigation treatmentse0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
- Setting
- Site 2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At Site 2, with similar soil and climatic conditions, the irrigation treatments did not affect yield”
t0“field-grown strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
At Site 2, matric-potential management decreased water use efficiency against common practice.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- matric potential-based managemente0
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- common practicese0
- Setting
- Site 2e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the matric potential-based management decreased WUE relative to common practices.”
e1“At Site 2, with similar soil and climatic conditions”
t0“field-grown strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Maintaining matric potential below −9 kPa could stress plants at Site 2.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- soil matric potential lower than −9 kPae0
- Outcome
- stressing conditions for the plantse0
- Setting
- Site 2e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maintaining the soil matric potential lower than −9 kPa could induce stressing conditions for the plants.”
e1“At Site 2, with similar soil and climatic conditions”
t0“field-grown strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
At Site 3, −8 kPa produced the best yield.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- IT of −8 kPae0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- beste0
- Setting
- Site 3e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At Site 3 (sandy loam; Mediterranean (Cs) climate), the best yield and WUE were obtained with an IT of −8 kPa”
t0“field-grown strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
At Site 3, −8 kPa produced the best water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- IT of −8 kPae0
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Direction
- beste0
- Setting
- Site 3e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At Site 3 (sandy loam; Mediterranean (Cs) climate), the best yield and WUE were obtained with an IT of −8 kPa”
t0“field-grown strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
At Site 3, high-frequency irrigation could further improve water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- high-frequency irrigatione0
Not reportedSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WUE could be further improved by implementing high-frequency irrigation.”
t0“field-grown strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
At Site 4, −10 to −15 kPa could optimize yield and water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- IT between −10 and −15 kPae0
- Setting
- Site 4e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an IT between −10 and −15 kPa could optimize yield and WUE”
e1“At Site 4 (clay loam; Mediterranean (Cs) climate)”
t0“field-grown strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
At Site 4, matric-potential management reduced below-root-zone leaching against common practice.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- matric potential-based irrigatione0
- Outcome
- leaching under the root zonee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- common practicese0
- Setting
- Site 4e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“matric potential-based irrigation considerably reduced leaching under the root zone relative to common practices.”
e1“At Site 4 (clay loam; Mediterranean (Cs) climate)”
t0“field-grown strawberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Across sites, −10 kPa was suggested as a starting threshold for irrigation optimization.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- IT of −10 kPae0
- Qualifier
- under most field conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an IT of −10 kPa appears to be adequate as a starting point for further optimizing irrigation under most field conditions.”
t0“field-grown strawberry”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.