Abstract
abstract Brassica sp . may serve as high energy forage crops at times when forage availability may be limited. Field studies were conducted in the Northeast to assess forage yield and quality of 'Sirius' turnips ( Brassica rapa L .) and 'Perko' rape ( B. napus L .) planted on a Hagerstown silt loam (fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalf) soil in late May (1978) and late April (1979). Preemergence herbicides including metolachlor [2‐chloro‐N‐(2‐ethyl‐6‐methylphenyl)‐N‐(2‐methoxy‐ l‐methylethyl) acetamide], pendimethalin [ N l‐ethylpropyl)‐3,4 dimethyl‐2,6‐dinitrobenzeneamine], and nitrofen [2,4‐dichlorophenyl p ‐nitrophenyl ether] were applied alone and in various combinations to determine effectiveness in reducing weed competition. Forage yields of turnips and rape 100 days after seeding were generally not affected by the herbicide treatments. However, associated weed yields in both turnips and rape were significantly reduced with all herbicide treatments applied. Pendimethalin applied at 2.2 kg ha −1 was phytotoxic to both turnips and rape reducing yields 67 and 17%, respectively, as compared to the untreated control. Forage dry matter yields of turnips and rape with adequate weed control were as high as 5068 and 6711 kg ha −1 , respectively. In 1978, turnip whole plant crude protein (CP) concentration was highest (227 g kg −1 ) where pendimethalin was applied at 2.2 kg ha −1 . The 2nd year CP levels for turnip leaves were similar for all herbicide treatments, but root levels were highest where pendimethalin at 2.2 kg ha −1 was used. The high rate of pendimethalin severely inhibited root development resulting in smaller roots with higher CP. Rape CP levels in 1978 were generally highest where herbicides were used, but in 1979, rape CP was not affected by herbicide application. Averaged across herbicide treatments, turnip (whole plant) and rape CP levels averaged 121 and 106 g kg −1 , respectively. In vitro dry matter disappearance for turnips and rape were similar averaging 898 g kg −1 and were not affected by herbicide application. Results indicate that appropriate preemergence herbicides will reduce early season weed competition and will enhance early production of turnips and rape. The high production potential and the high dry matter digestibility 100 days after seeding warrant consideration of turnips and rape for use as supplemental summer forage crops.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide treatments generally did not affect turnip forage yield 100 days after seeding.
- Taxon
- turnips
.jpg?width=60)
Brassica rapa subsp. rapae0 - Treatment
- herbicide treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Forage yieldse0
- Direction
- not affectede0
- Qualifier
- 100 days after seedinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Forage yields of turnips and rape 100 days after seeding were generally not affected by the herbicide treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide treatments generally did not affect rape forage yield 100 days after seeding.
- Taxon
- rape
_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg?width=60)
Brassica napuse0 - Treatment
- herbicide treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Forage yieldse0
- Direction
- not affectede0
- Qualifier
- 100 days after seedinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Forage yields of turnips and rape 100 days after seeding were generally not affected by the herbicide treatments.”
Claim · model-written summary
All herbicide treatments significantly reduced weed yields in turnips.
- Taxon
- turnipsBrassica rapa subsp. rapae0
- Treatment
- all herbicide treatmentse0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- associated weed yieldse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“associated weed yields in both turnips and rape were significantly reduced with all herbicide treatments applied.”
Claim · model-written summary
All herbicide treatments significantly reduced weed yields in rape.
- Taxon
- rapeBrassica napuse0
- Treatment
- all herbicide treatmentse0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- associated weed yieldse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“associated weed yields in both turnips and rape were significantly reduced with all herbicide treatments applied.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pendimethalin at 2.2 kg ha −1 reduced turnip yield by 67% relative to untreated controls.
- Taxon
- turnipsBrassica rapa subsp. rapae0
- Treatment
- Pendimethalin applied at 2.2 kg ha −1e0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 67e0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pendimethalin applied at 2.2 kg ha −1 was phytotoxic to both turnips and rape reducing yields 67 and 17%, respectively, as compared to the untreated control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pendimethalin at 2.2 kg ha −1 reduced rape yield by 17% relative to untreated controls.
- Taxon
- rapeBrassica napuse0
- Treatment
- Pendimethalin applied at 2.2 kg ha −1e0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 17%e0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pendimethalin applied at 2.2 kg ha −1 was phytotoxic to both turnips and rape reducing yields 67 and 17%, respectively, as compared to the untreated control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Turnip forage dry matter yield reached 5068 kg ha −1 with adequate weed control.
- Taxon
- turnipsBrassica rapa subsp. rapae0
- Outcome
- Forage dry matter yieldse0
- Value
- 5068 and 6711 kg ha −1e0
- Qualifier
- with adequate weed controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Forage dry matter yields of turnips and rape with adequate weed control were as high as 5068 and 6711 kg ha −1 , respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rape forage dry matter yield reached 6711 kg ha −1 with adequate weed control.
- Taxon
- rapeBrassica napuse0
- Outcome
- Forage dry matter yieldse0
- Value
- 6711 kg ha −1e0
- Qualifier
- with adequate weed controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Forage dry matter yields of turnips and rape with adequate weed control were as high as 5068 and 6711 kg ha −1 , respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
In 1978, turnip whole-plant crude protein was highest at 227 g kg −1 under pendimethalin at 2.2 kg ha −1.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapae0
- Treatment
- pendimethalin was applied at 2.2 kg ha −1e0
- Outcome
- whole plant crude protein (CP) concentratione0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 227 g kg −1e0
- Setting
- 1978e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 1978, turnip whole plant crude protein (CP) concentration was highest (227 g kg −1 ) where pendimethalin was applied at 2.2 kg ha −1 .”
Claim · model-written summary
In the second year, turnip leaf crude protein levels were similar across herbicide treatments.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- all herbicide treatmentse0
- Outcome
- CP levelse0
- Direction
- similare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 2nd year CP levels for turnip leaves were similar for all herbicide treatments, but root levels were highest where pendimethalin at 2.2 kg ha −1 was used.”
Claim · model-written summary
Second-year turnip root crude protein was highest with pendimethalin at 2.2 kg ha −1.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapae0
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- pendimethalin at 2.2 kg ha −1e0
- Outcome
- CP levelse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 2nd year CP levels for turnip leaves were similar for all herbicide treatments, but root levels were highest where pendimethalin at 2.2 kg ha −1 was used.”
Claim · model-written summary
High-rate pendimethalin inhibited turnip root development, producing smaller roots.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapae1
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- high rate of pendimethaline0
- Outcome
- root developmente0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The high rate of pendimethalin severely inhibited root development resulting in smaller roots with higher CP.”
e1“turnip leaves were similar”
Claim · model-written summary
In 1978, rape crude protein levels were generally highest with herbicides.
- Taxon
- RapeBrassica napuse0
- Treatment
- herbicidese0
- Outcome
- CP levelse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rape CP levels in 1978 were generally highest where herbicides were used”
Claim · model-written summary
In 1979, rape crude protein was not affected by herbicide application.
- Taxon
- rapeBrassica napuse0
- Treatment
- herbicide applicatione0
- Outcome
- CPe0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in 1979, rape CP was not affected by herbicide application.”
Claim · model-written summary
Across herbicide treatments, turnip whole-plant crude protein averaged 121 g kg −1.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapae0
- Organ / stage
- whole plante0
- Outcome
- CP levelse0
- Value
- 121 and 106 g kg −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Averaged across herbicide treatments, turnip (whole plant) and rape CP levels averaged 121 and 106 g kg −1 , respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Across herbicide treatments, rape crude protein averaged 106 g kg −1.
- Taxon
- rapeBrassica napuse0
- Outcome
- CP levelse0
- Value
- 106 g kg −1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Averaged across herbicide treatments, turnip (whole plant) and rape CP levels averaged 121 and 106 g kg −1 , respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Turnip in vitro dry matter disappearance averaged 898 g kg −1 and was unaffected by herbicide application.
- Taxon
- turnipsBrassica rapa subsp. rapae0
- Treatment
- herbicide applicatione0
- Outcome
- In vitro dry matter disappearancee0
- Direction
- not affectede0
- Value
- 898 g kg −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In vitro dry matter disappearance for turnips and rape were similar averaging 898 g kg −1 and were not affected by herbicide application.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rape in vitro dry matter disappearance averaged 898 g kg −1 and was unaffected by herbicide application.
- Taxon
- rapeBrassica napuse0
- Treatment
- herbicide applicatione0
- Outcome
- In vitro dry matter disappearancee0
- Direction
- not affectede0
- Value
- 898 g kg −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In vitro dry matter disappearance for turnips and rape were similar averaging 898 g kg −1 and were not affected by herbicide application.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that appropriate preemergence herbicides reduce early weed competition and enhance early turnip and rape production.
- Taxon
- turnips and rapeBrassica napusBrassica rapa subsp. rapae0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- appropriate preemergence herbicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“appropriate preemergence herbicides will reduce early season weed competition and will enhance early production of turnips and rape”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend considering turnips and rape as supplemental summer forage crops.
- Taxon
- turnips and rapeBrassica napusBrassica rapa subsp. rapae0
- Outcome
- supplemental summer forage cropse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“warrant consideration of turnips and rape for use as supplemental summer forage crops”
The same questions in other papers
pendimethalin · yield · Brassica rapa (field mustard)Results differ
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
pendimethalin · yield · Brassica napus (oilseed rape)Positive and negative results
4 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →herbicide · yield · Brassica napus (oilseed rape)Results differ
18 papers in the same direction as this paper · 32 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
47 papers more in this group
See all 51 papers →herbicide · quality: protein · Brassica napus (oilseed rape)Positive and negative results
3 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
herbicide · yield · Brassica rapa (field mustard)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →herbicide · growth · Brassica napus (oilseed rape)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
12 papers more in this group
See all 16 papers →herbicide · weed · Brassica napus (oilseed rape)Positive and negative results
22 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
22 papers more in this group
See all 26 papers →herbicide · growth · Brassica rapa (field mustard)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- no effect
8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.