Abstract
High incidence of Fusarium head blight occurred in Northern and Southern Poland in the 2009 season. Head samples from 106 wheat fields were collected before harvest from Northern, Central and Southern Poland in August 2009. Fusarium species were identified in 1,311 heads with visible scab symptoms and the collected material was subjected to mycotoxin analyses. Fusarium graminearum was identified as the most frequently occurring species on wheat, present in 48% of all samples examined. This species prevailed in Northern and Southern Poland, with the frequencies of 53% and 55%, respectively, and its frequency has increased over five-fold after two decades. In the central part of the country, Fusarium culmorum was the major pathogen of wheat, with a frequency of 43%, although in this region the incidence of infected heads in wheat fields was lower than 1%. Several other species, including Fusarium avenaceum , Fusarium cerealis and Microdochium nivale , occurred with lower frequencies. Microscopic identification of species was confirmed using species-specific markers in DNA extracted directly from sporodochia. For the first time, glucosylated deoxynivalenol was identified in Polish cereals, in amounts of 1.6 to 7.4 mg/kg. Deoxynivalenol (DON) content was estimated between 1.7 and 11.9 mg/kg for the healthy looking kernels (HLK) fraction, while the Fusarium -damaged kernels (FDK) were contaminated with high amounts of DON, from 57.3 to 312.3 mg/kg, and zearalenone, from 0.035 to 4.48 mg/kg. The HLK fractions contained about 20 times less DON and zearalenone (ZEA) than the FDK fractions. ZEA accumulated in both FDK kernels and chaff fractions at a similar level. DON was accumulated in the chaff fraction in much lower amounts than in the FDK fraction.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium head blight incidence was high in northern and southern Poland in 2009.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Outcome
- incidence of Fusarium head blighte0
- Direction
- Highe0
- Setting
- Northern and Southern Polande0
FusariumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High incidence of Fusarium head blight occurred in Northern and Southern Poland in the 2009 season.”
t0“Fusarium species, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol content in preharvest scabby wheat heads from Poland”
Claim · model-written summary
F. graminearum was the most frequent wheat-associated species, in 48% of samples.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Interactor
- Fusarium graminearum
_on_Corn_(Zea_mays)_at_Waimea%2C_Hawaii.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium graminearume0pathogent0 - Outcome
- Fusarium graminearum was identified as the most frequently occurring speciese0
- Direction
- most frequentlye0
- Value
- 48%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_on_Corn_(Zea_mays)_at_Waimea%2C_Hawaii.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Fusarium graminearum was identified as the most frequently occurring species on wheat, present in 48% of all samples examined.”
t0“Fusarium species, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol content in preharvest scabby wheat heads from Poland”
Claim · model-written summary
F. graminearum frequencies were 53% and 55% in northern and southern Poland, respectively.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- Fusarium graminearumFusarium graminearume1pathogent0
- Outcome
- frequenciese0
- Direction
- prevailede0
- Value
- 53% and 55%e0
- Setting
- Northern and Southern Polande0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This species prevailed in Northern and Southern Poland, with the frequencies of 53% and 55%, respectively”
t0“Fusarium species, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol content in preharvest scabby wheat heads from Poland”
e1“Fusarium graminearum was identified as the most frequently occurring species on wheat, present in 48% of all samples examined.”
Claim · model-written summary
F. graminearum frequency increased more than fivefold over two decades.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- Fusarium graminearumFusarium graminearume1pathogent0
- Outcome
- frequencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- over five-folde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“its frequency has increased over five-fold after two decades”
t0“Fusarium species, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol content in preharvest scabby wheat heads from Poland”
e1“Fusarium graminearum was identified as the most frequently occurring species on wheat, present in 48% of all samples examined.”
Claim · model-written summary
F. culmorum was the major central Polish wheat pathogen at 43% frequency.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Interactor
- Fusarium culmorum
.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium culmorume0pathogent0 - Outcome
- frequencye0
- Direction
- majore0
- Value
- 43%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Fusarium culmorum was the major pathogen of wheat, with a frequency of 43%”
t0“Fusarium species, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol content in preharvest scabby wheat heads from Poland”
Claim · model-written summary
Infected-head incidence in central Polish wheat fields was under 1%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- incidence of infected headse0
- Direction
- lower thane0
- Value
- 1%e0
- Setting
- wheat fieldse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in this region the incidence of infected heads in wheat fields was lower than 1%”
Claim · model-written summary
F. avenaceum, F. cerealis and M. nivale occurred less frequently.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- Fusarium avenaceum
Fusarium avenaceume0pathogent0 - Second interactor
- Fusarium cerealisFusarium cerealise0pathogent0
- Outcome
- lower frequenciese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- Microdochium nivalee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fusarium avenaceum , Fusarium cerealis and Microdochium nivale , occurred with lower frequencies”
t0“Fusarium species, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol content in preharvest scabby wheat heads from Poland”
Claim · model-written summary
Species-specific DNA markers confirmed microscopic species identifications.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Microscopic identification of speciese0
- Comparator
- species-specific markerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Microscopic identification of species was confirmed using species-specific markers in DNA extracted directly from sporodochia.”
t0“wheat heads”
Claim · model-written summary
Glucosylated deoxynivalenol was first identified in Polish cereals at 1.6 to 7.4 mg/kg.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- glucosylated deoxynivalenole0
- Value
- 1.6 to 7.4 mg/kge0
- Setting
- Polish cerealse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For the first time, glucosylated deoxynivalenol was identified in Polish cereals, in amounts of 1.6 to 7.4 mg/kg.”
t0“wheat heads”
Claim · model-written summary
Healthy-looking kernels had 1.7 to 11.9 mg/kg DON.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- healthy looking kernels (HLK) fractione0
- Outcome
- Deoxynivalenol (DON) contente0
- Value
- 1.7 and 11.9 mg/kge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Deoxynivalenol (DON) content was estimated between 1.7 and 11.9 mg/kg for the healthy looking kernels (HLK) fraction”
t0“wheat heads”
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium-damaged kernels had 57.3 to 312.3 mg/kg DON.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- Fusarium -damaged kernels (FDK)e0
- Outcome
- DONe0
- Direction
- highe0
- Value
- 57.3 to 312.3 mg/kge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Fusarium -damaged kernels (FDK) were contaminated with high amounts of DON, from 57.3 to 312.3 mg/kg”
t0“wheat heads”
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium-damaged kernels had 0.035 to 4.48 mg/kg zearalenone.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- Fusarium -damaged kernelse0
- Outcome
- zearalenonee0
- Value
- 0.035 to 4.48 mg/kge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Fusarium -damaged kernels (FDK) were contaminated with high amounts of DON, from 57.3 to 312.3 mg/kg, and zearalenone, from 0.035 to 4.48 mg/kg”
t0“Fusarium species, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol content in preharvest scabby wheat heads from Poland”
Claim · model-written summary
Healthy-looking fractions had about 20 times less DON and ZEA than damaged-kernel fractions.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- HLK fractionse0
- Outcome
- DON and zearalenone (ZEA)e0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Value
- about 20 timese0
- Comparator
- FDK fractionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The HLK fractions contained about 20 times less DON and zearalenone (ZEA) than the FDK fractions.”
t0“wheat heads”
Claim · model-written summary
ZEA accumulated similarly in damaged kernels and chaff.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- FDK kernels and chaff fractionse0
- Outcome
- ZEAe0
- Direction
- similar levele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZEA accumulated in both FDK kernels and chaff fractions at a similar level.”
t0“wheat heads”
Claim · model-written summary
DON accumulated at much lower levels in chaff than damaged kernels.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- chaff fractione0
- Outcome
- DONe0
- Direction
- much lowere0
- Comparator
- FDK fractione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DON was accumulated in the chaff fraction in much lower amounts than in the FDK fraction.”
t0“wheat heads”