Abstract
Aluminium (Al) is phytotoxic when solubilized into Al(3+) in acidic soils. One of the earliest and distinct symptoms of Al(3+) toxicity is inhibition of root elongation. To decipher the mechanism by which Al(3+) inhibits root elongation, the role of ethylene and auxin in Al(3+)-induced inhibition of root elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana was investigated using the wild type and mutants defective in ethylene signalling (etr1-3 and ein2-1) and auxin polar transport (aux1-7 and pin2). Exposure of wild-type Arabidopsis to AlCl(3) led to a marked inhibition of root elongation, and elicited a rapid ethylene evolution and enhanced activity of the ethylene reporter EBS:GUS in root apices. Root elongation in etr1-3 and ein2-1 mutants was less inhibited by Al(3+) than that in wild-type plants. Ethylene synthesis inhibitors, Co(2+) and aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), and an antagonist of ethylene perception (Ag(+)) abolished the Al(3+)-induced inhibition of root elongation. There was less inhibition of root elongation by Al(3+) in aux1-7 and pin2 mutants than in the wild type. The auxin polar transport inhibitor, naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), substantially alleviated the Al(3+)-induced inhibition of root elongation. The Al(3+) and ethylene synthesis precursor aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC) increased auxin reporter DR5:GUS activity in roots. The Al(3+)-induced increase in DR5:GUS activity was reduced by AVG, while the Al(3+)-induced increase in EBS:GUS activity was not altered by NPA. Al(3+) and ACC increased transcripts of AUX1 and PIN2, and this effect was no longer observed in the presence of AVG and Co(2+). These findings indicate that Al(3+)-induced ethylene production is likely to act as a signal to alter auxin distribution in roots by disrupting AUX1- and PIN2-mediated auxin polar transport, leading to arrest of root elongation.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by-nc. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
AlCl(3) markedly inhibited wild-type Arabidopsis root elongation.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsist0 - Material
- wild-type Arabidopsise0
- Treatment
- AlCl(3)e0
- Outcome
- root elongatione0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure of wild-type Arabidopsis to AlCl(3) led to a marked inhibition of root elongation, and elicited a rapid ethylene evolution and enhanced activity of the ethylene reporter EBS:GUS in root apices.”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
AlCl(3) elicited rapid ethylene evolution.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- AlCl(3)e0
- Outcome
- ethylene evolutione0
- Direction
- elicitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure of wild-type Arabidopsis to AlCl(3) led to a marked inhibition of root elongation, and elicited a rapid ethylene evolution and enhanced activity of the ethylene reporter EBS:GUS in root apices.”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
AlCl(3) enhanced EBS:GUS activity in root apices.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Organ / stage
- root apicese0
- Treatment
- AlCl(3)e0
- Outcome
- activity of the ethylene reporter EBS:GUSe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure of wild-type Arabidopsis to AlCl(3) led to a marked inhibition of root elongation, and elicited a rapid ethylene evolution and enhanced activity of the ethylene reporter EBS:GUS in root apices.”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
etr1-3 root elongation was less inhibited by Al(3+) than wild type.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- etr1-3e0
- Treatment
- Al(3+)e0
- Outcome
- Root elongatione0
- Direction
- less inhibitede0
- Comparator
- wild-type plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Root elongation in etr1-3 and ein2-1 mutants was less inhibited by Al(3+) than that in wild-type plants.”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
ein2-1 root elongation was less inhibited by Al(3+) than wild type.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- ein2-1e0
- Treatment
- Al(3+)e0
- Outcome
- Root elongatione0
- Direction
- less inhibitede0
- Comparator
- wild-type plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Root elongation in etr1-3 and ein2-1 mutants was less inhibited by Al(3+) than that in wild-type plants.”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Co(2+) abolished Al(3+)-induced inhibition of root elongation.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- Co(2+)e0
- Outcome
- Al(3+)-induced inhibition of root elongatione0
- Direction
- abolishede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethylene synthesis inhibitors, Co(2+) and aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), and an antagonist of ethylene perception (Ag(+)) abolished the Al(3+)-induced inhibition of root elongation.”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) abolished Al(3+)-induced inhibition of root elongation.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG)e0
- Outcome
- Al(3+)-induced inhibition of root elongatione0
- Direction
- abolishede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethylene synthesis inhibitors, Co(2+) and aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), and an antagonist of ethylene perception (Ag(+)) abolished the Al(3+)-induced inhibition of root elongation.”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Ag(+) abolished Al(3+)-induced inhibition of root elongation.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- Ag(+)e0
- Outcome
- Al(3+)-induced inhibition of root elongatione0
- Direction
- abolishede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethylene synthesis inhibitors, Co(2+) and aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), and an antagonist of ethylene perception (Ag(+)) abolished the Al(3+)-induced inhibition of root elongation.”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
aux1-7 mutants had less Al(3+) inhibition of root elongation than wild type.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- aux1-7e0
- Treatment
- Al(3+)e0
- Outcome
- root elongatione0
- Direction
- less inhibitione0
- Comparator
- wild typee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was less inhibition of root elongation by Al(3+) in aux1-7 and pin2 mutants than in the wild type.”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
pin2 mutants had less Al(3+) inhibition of root elongation than wild type.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- pin2e0
- Treatment
- Al(3+)e0
- Outcome
- root elongatione0
- Direction
- less inhibitione0
- Comparator
- wild typee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was less inhibition of root elongation by Al(3+) in aux1-7 and pin2 mutants than in the wild type.”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
NPA substantially alleviated Al(3+)-induced inhibition of root elongation.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA)e0
- Outcome
- Al(3+)-induced inhibition of root elongatione0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The auxin polar transport inhibitor, naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), substantially alleviated the Al(3+)-induced inhibition of root elongation.”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Al(3+) increased root DR5:GUS activity.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- Al(3+)e0
- Outcome
- auxin reporter DR5:GUS activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Al(3+) and ethylene synthesis precursor aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC) increased auxin reporter DR5:GUS activity in roots.”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC) increased root DR5:GUS activity.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC)e0
- Outcome
- auxin reporter DR5:GUS activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Al(3+) and ethylene synthesis precursor aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC) increased auxin reporter DR5:GUS activity in roots.”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
AVG reduced the Al(3+)-induced increase in DR5:GUS activity.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- AVGe0
- Outcome
- Al(3+)-induced increase in DR5:GUS activitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Al(3+)-induced increase in DR5:GUS activity was reduced by AVG, while the Al(3+)-induced increase in EBS:GUS activity was not altered by NPA.”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
NPA did not alter the Al(3+)-induced increase in EBS:GUS activity.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- NPAe0
- Outcome
- Al(3+)-induced increase in EBS:GUS activitye0
- Direction
- not alterede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Al(3+)-induced increase in DR5:GUS activity was reduced by AVG, while the Al(3+)-induced increase in EBS:GUS activity was not altered by NPA.”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Al(3+) increased AUX1 and PIN2 transcripts.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- Al(3+)e0
- Outcome
- transcripts of AUX1 and PIN2e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Al(3+) and ACC increased transcripts of AUX1 and PIN2, and this effect was no longer observed in the presence of AVG and Co(2+).”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
ACC increased AUX1 and PIN2 transcripts.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- ACCe0
- Outcome
- transcripts of AUX1 and PIN2e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Al(3+) and ACC increased transcripts of AUX1 and PIN2, and this effect was no longer observed in the presence of AVG and Co(2+).”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
AVG prevented the reported increase in AUX1 and PIN2 transcripts.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- AVGe0
- Outcome
- transcripts of AUX1 and PIN2e0
- Direction
- no longer observede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Al(3+) and ACC increased transcripts of AUX1 and PIN2, and this effect was no longer observed in the presence of AVG and Co(2+).”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Co(2+) prevented the reported increase in AUX1 and PIN2 transcripts.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- Co(2+)e0
- Outcome
- transcripts of AUX1 and PIN2e0
- Direction
- no longer observede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Al(3+) and ACC increased transcripts of AUX1 and PIN2, and this effect was no longer observed in the presence of AVG and Co(2+).”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Al(3+)-induced ethylene likely alters root auxin distribution through AUX1- and PIN2-mediated transport, arresting root elongation.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- arrest of root elongatione0
- Qualifier
- disrupting AUX1- and PIN2-mediated auxin polar transporte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Al(3+)-induced ethylene production is likely to act as a signal to alter auxin distribution in roots by disrupting AUX1- and PIN2-mediated auxin polar transport, leading to arrest of root elongation.”
t0“Arabidopsis”
The same questions in other papers
co2 · disease · ArabidopsisResults agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.