Abstract
Industrial activities have caused tropospheric CO2 concentrations to increase over the last two centuries, a trend that is predicted to continue for at least the next several decades. Here, we report that growth of plants in a CO2-enriched environment activates responses that are central to defense against pathogenic attack. Salicylic acid accumulation was triggered by high-growth CO2 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and other plants such as bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). A detailed analysis in Arabidopsis revealed that elevated CO2 primes multiple defense pathways, leading to increased resistance to bacterial and fungal challenge. Analysis of gene-specific mutants provided no evidence that activation of plant defense pathways by high CO2 was caused by stomatal closure. Rather, the activation is partly linked to metabolic effects involving redox signaling. In support of this, genetic modification of redox components (glutathione contents and NADPH-generating enzymes) prevents full priming of the salicylic acid pathway and associated resistance by high CO2. The data point to a particularly influential role for the nonphosphorylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, a cytosolic enzyme whose role in plants remains unclear. Our observations add new information on relationships between high CO2 and oxidative signaling and provide novel insight into plant stress responses in conditions of increased CO2.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
High growth CO2 triggered salicylic acid accumulation in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise0 - Treatment
- high-growth CO2e0
- Outcome
- Salicylic acid accumulatione0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salicylic acid accumulation was triggered by high-growth CO2 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and other plants such as bean (Phaseolus vulgaris).”
Claim · model-written summary
High growth CO2 triggered salicylic acid accumulation in bean.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Salicylic acid accumulation was triggered by high-growth CO2 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and other plants such as bean (Phaseolus vulgaris).”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 primed multiple defense pathways in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Treatment
- elevated CO2e0
- Outcome
- multiple defense pathwayse0
- Direction
- primese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A detailed analysis in Arabidopsis revealed that elevated CO2 primes multiple defense pathways”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased Arabidopsis resistance to bacterial challenge.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Treatment
- elevated CO2e0
- Interactor
- bacteriale0pathogen
- Outcome
- resistance to bacteriale0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A detailed analysis in Arabidopsis revealed that elevated CO2 primes multiple defense pathways, leading to increased resistance to bacterial and fungal challenge.”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased Arabidopsis resistance to fungal challenge.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Treatment
- elevated CO2e0
- Interactor
- fungale0pathogen
- Outcome
- resistance to bacterial and fungal challengee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A detailed analysis in Arabidopsis revealed that elevated CO2 primes multiple defense pathways, leading to increased resistance to bacterial and fungal challenge.”
Claim · model-written summary
Gene-specific mutants gave no evidence that stomatal closure caused CO2 activation of defenses.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Material
- gene-specific mutantse0
- Treatment
- high CO2e0
- Outcome
- activation of plant defense pathwayse0
- Qualifier
- no evidence that activation of plant defense pathways by high CO2 was caused by stomatal closuree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Analysis of gene-specific mutants provided no evidence that activation of plant defense pathways by high CO2 was caused by stomatal closure.”
e1“A detailed analysis in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Activation of defenses by elevated CO2 was partly linked to metabolic redox signaling.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise2
- Treatment
- high CO2e1
- Outcome
- activation of plant defense pathwayse1
- Qualifier
- metabolic effects involving redox signalinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rather, the activation is partly linked to metabolic effects involving redox signaling.”
e1“activation of plant defense pathways by high CO2”
e2“A detailed analysis in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Modification of redox components prevented full salicylic acid pathway priming under high CO2.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Treatment
- genetic modification of redox componentse0
- Outcome
- priming of the salicylic acid pathwaye0
- Direction
- preventse0
- Qualifier
- high CO2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“genetic modification of redox components (glutathione contents and NADPH-generating enzymes) prevents full priming of the salicylic acid pathway and associated resistance by high CO2.”
e1“A detailed analysis in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Modification of redox components prevented full resistance associated with high CO2.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Treatment
- genetic modification of redox componentse0
- Outcome
- associated resistancee0
- Direction
- preventse0
- Qualifier
- high CO2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“genetic modification of redox components (glutathione contents and NADPH-generating enzymes) prevents full priming of the salicylic acid pathway and associated resistance by high CO2.”
e1“A detailed analysis in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Nonphosphorylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was interpreted as influential in the CO2 response.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Gene
- nonphosphorylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenasee0
- Outcome
- influential rolee0
- Qualifier
- role in plants remains uncleare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The data point to a particularly influential role for the nonphosphorylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, a cytosolic enzyme whose role in plants remains unclear.”
e1“A detailed analysis in Arabidopsis”
The same questions in other papers
co2 · physiology: hormones · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
co2 · physiology: hormones · ArabidopsisResults agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
co2 · disease · ArabidopsisResults agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.