Abstract
The problem of modulating cell fate programs to create distinct patterns and distributions of specialized cell types in different tissues is common to complex multicellular organisms. Here, we describe the previously uncharacterized CHALLAH (CHAL) gene, which acts as a tissue-specific regulator of epidermal pattern in Arabidopsis thaliana. Arabidopsis plants produce stomata, the cellular valves required for gas exchange, in virtually all aerial organs, but stomatal density and distribution differ among organs and along organ axes. Such regional regulation is particularly evident in plants mutant for the putative receptor TOO MANY MOUTHS (TMM), which produce excess stomata in leaves but no stomata in stems. Mutations in CHAL suppress tmm phenotypes in a tissue-specific manner, restoring stomatal production in stems while minimally affecting leaves. CHAL is similar in sequence to the putative stomatal ligands EPF1 and EPF2 and, like the EPFs, can reduce or eliminate stomatal production when overexpressed. However, CHAL and the EPFs have different relationships to TMM and the ERECTA (ER) family receptors. We propose a model in which CHAL and the EPFs both act through ER family receptors to repress stomatal production, but are subject to opposite regulation by TMM. The existence of two such ligand classes provides an explanation for TMM dual functionality and tissue-specific phenotypes.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
CHAL mutations restored stomatal production in stems of tmm plants.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae0 - Treatment
- Mutations in CHALe1
- Gene
- CHALe0
- Outcome
- stomatal production in stemse1
- Direction
- restoringe1
- Comparator
- tmme1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we describe the previously uncharacterized CHALLAH (CHAL) gene, which acts as a tissue-specific regulator of epidermal pattern in Arabidopsis thaliana”
e1“Mutations in CHAL suppress tmm phenotypes in a tissue-specific manner, restoring stomatal production in stems while minimally affecting leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
CHAL mutations minimally affected stomatal production in leaves of tmm plants.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- Mutations in CHALe1
- Gene
- CHALe0
- Outcome
- stomatal productione1
- Direction
- minimally affectinge1
- Comparator
- tmme1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we describe the previously uncharacterized CHALLAH (CHAL) gene, which acts as a tissue-specific regulator of epidermal pattern in Arabidopsis thaliana”
e1“Mutations in CHAL suppress tmm phenotypes in a tissue-specific manner, restoring stomatal production in stems while minimally affecting leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Overexpressed CHAL can reduce or eliminate stomatal production.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Treatment
- overexpressede2
- Gene
- CHALe2
- Outcome
- stomatal productione2
- Direction
- reduce or eliminatee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we describe the previously uncharacterized CHALLAH (CHAL) gene, which acts as a tissue-specific regulator of epidermal pattern in Arabidopsis thaliana”
e2“CHAL is similar in sequence to the putative stomatal ligands EPF1 and EPF2 and, like the EPFs, can reduce or eliminate stomatal production when overexpressed”
Claim · model-written summary
CHAL is similar in sequence to the putative stomatal ligands EPF1 and EPF2.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Gene
- CHALe2
- Outcome
- similar in sequencee2
- Comparator
- EPF1 and EPF2e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we describe the previously uncharacterized CHALLAH (CHAL) gene, which acts as a tissue-specific regulator of epidermal pattern in Arabidopsis thaliana”
e2“CHAL is similar in sequence to the putative stomatal ligands EPF1 and EPF2 and, like the EPFs, can reduce or eliminate stomatal production when overexpressed”
Claim · model-written summary
CHAL and the EPFs have different relationships to TMM and the ERECTA family receptors.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Gene
- CHALe3
- Outcome
- relationships to TMM and the ERECTA (ER) family receptorse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we describe the previously uncharacterized CHALLAH (CHAL) gene, which acts as a tissue-specific regulator of epidermal pattern in Arabidopsis thaliana”
e3“However, CHAL and the EPFs have different relationships to TMM and the ERECTA (ER) family receptors”
Claim · model-written summary
CHAL and the EPFs may both act through ER family receptors to repress stomatal production, under opposite regulation by TMM.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Gene
- CHALe4
- Outcome
- stomatal productione4
- Qualifier
- opposite regulation by TMMe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we describe the previously uncharacterized CHALLAH (CHAL) gene, which acts as a tissue-specific regulator of epidermal pattern in Arabidopsis thaliana”
e4“We propose a model in which CHAL and the EPFs both act through ER family receptors to repress stomatal production, but are subject to opposite regulation by TMM”
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