Abstract
Seed germination commences from a low metabolic state to a bioactive state and is associated with changes in the pattern of gene expression. Recent studies have revealed that epigenetic processes are involved in abscisic acid (ABA)-regulated seed germination processes. In this study, we showed that the expression of both histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) was increased gradually during seed germination accompanying an increase in overall acetylation level of histone H3. Application of exogenous ABA repressed the expression of HATs as well as HDACs and delayed histone acetylation. Suppressing HDAC by treatment with an HDAC inhibitor, trichostatin A (TSA), led to an increase in global histone acetylation and inhibited seed germination and growth. However, ABA and TSA both delayed the downregulation of the embryogenesis-related gene viviparous1 (VP1) during seed germination. The further chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments showed that the promoter region of the VP1 gene was deacetylated during seed germination, and this deacetylation event was inhibited by both ABA and TSA. These results suggested that a balance of the two enzymes HATs and HDACs affected the acetylation status of the VP1 gene and ABA selectively activated its transcription by an accumulation of acetylated histone H3 associated with the promoter region during seed germination.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
HAT and HDAC expression rose during germination.
- Gene
- histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs)e0
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the expression of both histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) was increased gradually during seed germination”
t0“maize seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Overall H3 acetylation increased during seed germination.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“accompanying an increase in overall acetylation level of histone H3”
t0“maize seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous ABA repressed HAT and HDAC expression.
- Treatment
- exogenous ABAe0
- Gene
- HATs as well as HDACse0
- Outcome
- expression of HATs as well as HDACse0
- Direction
- repressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of exogenous ABA repressed the expression of HATs as well as HDACs and delayed histone acetylation.”
t0“maize seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous ABA delayed histone acetylation.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of exogenous ABA repressed the expression of HATs as well as HDACs and delayed histone acetylation.”
t0“maize seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
TSA increased global histone acetylation.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Suppressing HDAC by treatment with an HDAC inhibitor, trichostatin A (TSA), led to an increase in global histone acetylation and inhibited seed germination and growth.”
t0“maize seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
TSA inhibited seed germination and growth.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Suppressing HDAC by treatment with an HDAC inhibitor, trichostatin A (TSA), led to an increase in global histone acetylation and inhibited seed germination and growth.”
t0“maize seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA delayed VP1 downregulation during germination.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ABA and TSA both delayed the downregulation of the embryogenesis-related gene viviparous1 (VP1) during seed germination.”
t0“maize seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
TSA delayed VP1 downregulation during germination.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ABA and TSA both delayed the downregulation of the embryogenesis-related gene viviparous1 (VP1) during seed germination.”
t0“maize seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
The VP1 promoter was deacetylated during germination.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the promoter region of the VP1 gene was deacetylated during seed germination”
t0“maize seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA inhibited VP1 promoter deacetylation.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this deacetylation event was inhibited by both ABA and TSA”
t0“maize seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
TSA inhibited VP1 promoter deacetylation.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this deacetylation event was inhibited by both ABA and TSA”
t0“maize seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose that HAT–HDAC balance affects VP1 acetylation and ABA activates VP1 transcription via promoter-associated H3 acetylation.
- Gene
- VP1 genee0
- Outcome
- acetylation status of the VP1 genee0
- Qualifier
- a balance of the two enzymes HATs and HDACse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a balance of the two enzymes HATs and HDACs affected the acetylation status of the VP1 gene and ABA selectively activated its transcription by an accumulation of acetylated histone H3 associated with the promoter region during seed germination.”
t0“maize seeds”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.