Abstract
Saffron intercropping with other plants needs to preliminary investigations about the possible negative interactions between saffron and associated crop. In this study, allelopathic effects of saffron leaf and corm extracts on germination and seedling growth indices of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), arugula (Eruca sativa) and rapeseed (Brassica napus) was investigated in six separate experiments based on completely randomized design. Experimental treatments were consisted of different levels of saffron leaf and corm extracts including 0, 0.75, 1.5, 3 and 6%. The maximum germination percentage of all selected crops was obtained at control treatment (on average 92%) and then decreased with increasing extracts concentration. So that, the germination percentage of arugula, canola and alfalfa in highest concentration of extracts were 18, 10 and 8% for leaf extract and 72, 68 and 93% for corm extract, respectively. The relatively similar trend was observed about germination rate, root and plumule lengths and dry weights. Therefore, the inhibitory effect of saffron leaf extract was more than corm extract on initial growth indices of studied plants. The lowest inhibitory effect of saffron leaf extract and even relatively high stimulatory effect of corm extract were obtained on alfalfa initial growth criteria. Considering the differences in allelochemicals mode of action and concentrations in laboratory bioassays with natural condition, it is necessary to investigate the effects of saffron residues on growth of selected associated crops in greenhouse and field scales for the final decision.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Germination across selected crops was highest in controls, averaging 92%, then fell as extract concentration rose.
- Taxon
- alfalfa
Medicago sativae1 - Treatment
- increasing extracts concentratione0
- Interactor
- Saffront0other
- Outcome
- germination percentagee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 92%e0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum germination percentage of all selected crops was obtained at control treatment (on average 92%) and then decreased with increasing extracts concentration.”
t0“Saffron”
e1“alfalfa (Medicago sativa), arugula (Eruca sativa) and rapeseed (Brassica napus)”
Claim · model-written summary
At the highest saffron leaf-extract concentration, arugula germination was 18%.
- Taxon
- arugula
Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativae0 - Treatment
- leaf extracte0
- Interactor
- saffront0other
- Outcome
- germination percentagee0
- Value
- 18e0
- Qualifier
- highest concentration of extractse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the germination percentage of arugula, canola and alfalfa in highest concentration of extracts were 18, 10 and 8% for leaf extract and 72, 68 and 93% for corm extract, respectively.”
t0“saffron”
Claim · model-written summary
At the highest saffron leaf-extract concentration, canola germination was 10%.
- Taxon
- canola
.jpg?width=60)
Brassica napus var. napuse0 - Treatment
- leaf extracte0
- Interactor
- saffront0other
- Outcome
- germination percentagee0
- Value
- 10e0
- Qualifier
- highest concentration of extractse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“the germination percentage of arugula, canola and alfalfa in highest concentration of extracts were 18, 10 and 8% for leaf extract and 72, 68 and 93% for corm extract, respectively.”
t0“saffron”
Claim · model-written summary
At the highest saffron leaf-extract concentration, alfalfa germination was 8%.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae0
- Treatment
- leaf extracte0
- Interactor
- saffront0other
- Outcome
- germination percentagee0
- Value
- 8%e0
- Qualifier
- highest concentration of extractse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the germination percentage of arugula, canola and alfalfa in highest concentration of extracts were 18, 10 and 8% for leaf extract and 72, 68 and 93% for corm extract, respectively.”
t0“saffron”
Claim · model-written summary
At the highest saffron corm-extract concentration, arugula germination was 72%.
- Taxon
- arugulaEruca vesicaria subsp. sativae0
- Treatment
- corm extracte0
- Interactor
- saffront0other
- Outcome
- germination percentagee0
- Value
- 72e0
- Qualifier
- highest concentration of extractse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the germination percentage of arugula, canola and alfalfa in highest concentration of extracts were 18, 10 and 8% for leaf extract and 72, 68 and 93% for corm extract, respectively.”
t0“saffron”
Claim · model-written summary
At the highest saffron corm-extract concentration, canola germination was 68%.
- Taxon
- canolaBrassica napus var. napuse0
- Treatment
- corm extracte0
- Interactor
- saffront0other
- Outcome
- germination percentagee0
- Value
- 68e0
- Qualifier
- highest concentration of extractse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the germination percentage of arugula, canola and alfalfa in highest concentration of extracts were 18, 10 and 8% for leaf extract and 72, 68 and 93% for corm extract, respectively.”
t0“saffron”
Claim · model-written summary
At the highest saffron corm-extract concentration, alfalfa germination was 93%.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae0
- Treatment
- corm extracte0
- Interactor
- saffront0other
- Outcome
- germination percentagee0
- Value
- 93%e0
- Qualifier
- highest concentration of extractse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the germination percentage of arugula, canola and alfalfa in highest concentration of extracts were 18, 10 and 8% for leaf extract and 72, 68 and 93% for corm extract, respectively.”
t0“saffron”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination rate, root and plumule lengths, and dry weights followed a similar concentration-related pattern.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae1
- Treatment
- saffront0
- Interactor
- saffront0other
- Outcome
- germination rate, root and plumule lengths and dry weightse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The relatively similar trend was observed about germination rate, root and plumule lengths and dry weights.”
t0“saffron”
e1“alfalfa (Medicago sativa), arugula (Eruca sativa) and rapeseed (Brassica napus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Saffron leaf extract inhibited early growth more than corm extract.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- saffron leaf extracte0
- Interactor
- saffrone0other
- Outcome
- initial growth indicese0
- Direction
- more thane0
- Comparator
- corm extracte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the inhibitory effect of saffron leaf extract was more than corm extract on initial growth indices of studied plants.”
t0“alfalfa (Medicago sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Among tested crops, alfalfa had the lowest leaf-extract inhibition and comparatively high corm-extract stimulation of initial growth.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativae0
- Interactor
- saffrone0other
- Outcome
- lowest inhibitory effect of saffron leaf extracte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lowest inhibitory effect of saffron leaf extract and even relatively high stimulatory effect of corm extract were obtained on alfalfa initial growth criteria.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend greenhouse and field studies of saffron residues before deciding on associated crops.
- Taxon
- alfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Interactor
- saffrone0other
- Outcome
- investigate the effects of saffron residues on growth of selected associated cropse0
- Setting
- greenhouse and field scalese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it is necessary to investigate the effects of saffron residues on growth of selected associated crops in greenhouse and field scales for the final decision.”
t0“alfalfa (Medicago sativa)”
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