Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) play important roles in cell proliferation, growth and environmental stress responses of all living organisms. In this study, we examine whether these compounds act as signal mediators. Spermine (Spm) specifically activated protein kinases of tobacco leaves, which were identified as salicylic acid (SA)-induced protein kinase (SIPK) and wound-induced protein kinase (WIPK), using specific antibodies. Upon Spm treatment, upregulation of WIPK, but not SIPK, was observed. Spm-induced mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) activation and WIPK upregulation were prevented upon pre-treatment with antioxidants and Ca2+ channel blockers. Additionally, Spm specifically stimulated expression of the alternative oxidase (AOX) gene, which was disrupted by these antioxidants and Ca2+ channel blockers. Bongkrekic acid (BK), an inhibitor of the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition (PT) pores, suppressed MAPKs activation and accumulation of WIPK and AOX mRNA. Our data collectively suggest that Spm causes mitochondrial dysfunction via a signalling pathway in which reactive oxygen species and Ca2+ influx are involved. As a result, the phosphorylation activities of the two MAPK enzymes SIPK and WIPK are stimulated.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine activated SIPK and WIPK kinases in tobacco leaves.
- Taxon
- tobacco
Nicotiana tabacume0 - Treatment
- Spermine (Spm)e0
- Gene
- salicylic acid (SA)-induced protein kinase (SIPK) and wound-induced protein kinase (WIPK)e0
- Outcome
- protein kinasese0
- Direction
- activatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spermine (Spm) specifically activated protein kinases of tobacco leaves, which were identified as salicylic acid (SA)-induced protein kinase (SIPK) and wound-induced protein kinase (WIPK)”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine upregulated WIPK in tobacco.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- Spm treatmente0
- Gene
- WIPKe0
- Outcome
- WIPKe0
- Direction
- upregulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Upon Spm treatment, upregulation of WIPK, but not SIPK, was observed.”
t0“tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine did not upregulate SIPK in tobacco.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Upon Spm treatment, upregulation of WIPK, but not SIPK, was observed.”
t0“tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant pretreatment prevented spermine-induced MAPK activation.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- pre-treatment with antioxidantse0
- Gene
- mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)e0
- Outcome
- Spm-induced mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) activatione0
- Direction
- preventede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spm-induced mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) activation and WIPK upregulation were prevented upon pre-treatment with antioxidants and Ca2+ channel blockers.”
t0“tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium channel blocker pretreatment prevented spermine-induced MAPK activation and WIPK upregulation.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- Ca2+ channel blockerse0
- Outcome
- MAPKs) activation and WIPK upregulatione0
- Direction
- preventede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spm-induced mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) activation and WIPK upregulation were prevented upon pre-treatment with antioxidants and Ca2+ channel blockers.”
t0“tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine stimulated AOX gene expression in tobacco.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- Spme0
- Gene
- alternative oxidase (AOX) genee0
- Outcome
- expression of the alternative oxidase (AOX) genee0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spm specifically stimulated expression of the alternative oxidase (AOX) gene”
t0“tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidants disrupted spermine-stimulated AOX expression.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- antioxidantse0
- Gene
- alternative oxidase (AOX) genee0
- Outcome
- expression of the alternative oxidase (AOX) genee0
- Direction
- disruptede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spm specifically stimulated expression of the alternative oxidase (AOX) gene, which was disrupted by these antioxidants and Ca2+ channel blockers.”
t0“tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium channel blockers disrupted spermine-stimulated AOX expression.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- Ca2+ channel blockerse0
- Gene
- alternative oxidase (AOX) genee0
- Outcome
- expression of the alternative oxidase (AOX) genee0
- Direction
- disruptede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spm specifically stimulated expression of the alternative oxidase (AOX) gene, which was disrupted by these antioxidants and Ca2+ channel blockers.”
t0“tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Bongkrekic acid suppressed MAPK activation in tobacco.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- Bongkrekic acid (BK)e0
- Outcome
- MAPKs activatione0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bongkrekic acid (BK), an inhibitor of the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition (PT) pores, suppressed MAPKs activation and accumulation of WIPK and AOX mRNA.”
t0“tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Bongkrekic acid suppressed accumulation of WIPK and AOX mRNA.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- Bongkrekic acid (BK)e0
- Outcome
- accumulation of WIPK and AOX mRNAe0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bongkrekic acid (BK), an inhibitor of the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition (PT) pores, suppressed MAPKs activation and accumulation of WIPK and AOX mRNA.”
t0“tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that spermine causes mitochondrial dysfunction through reactive oxygen species and calcium influx.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- Spme0
- Outcome
- mitochondrial dysfunctione0
- Qualifier
- reactive oxygen species and Ca2+ influxe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spm causes mitochondrial dysfunction via a signalling pathway in which reactive oxygen species and Ca2+ influx are involved”
t0“tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer stimulation of SIPK and WIPK phosphorylation activity downstream of spermine signaling.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Gene
- SIPK and WIPKe0
- Outcome
- phosphorylation activities of the two MAPK enzymes SIPK and WIPKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the phosphorylation activities of the two MAPK enzymes SIPK and WIPK are stimulated”
t0“tobacco”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.