Abstract
Intercellular spaces are often the first sites invaded by pathogens. In the spaces of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-infected and necrotic lesion-forming tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) leaves, we found that an inducer for acidic pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins was accumulated. The induction activity was recovered in gel-filtrated fractions of low molecular mass with a basic nature, into which authentic spermine (Spm) was eluted. We quantified polyamines in the intercellular spaces of the necrotic lesion-forming leaves and found 20-fold higher levels of free Spm than in healthy leaves. Among several polyamines tested, exogenously supplied Spm induced acidic PR-1 gene expression. Immunoblot analysis showed that Spm treatment increased not only acidic PR-1 but also acidic PR-2, PR-3, and PR-5 protein accumulation. Treatment of healthy tobacco leaves with salicylic acid (SA) caused no significant increase in the level of endogenous Spm, and Spm did not increase the level of endogenous SA, suggesting that induction of acidic PR proteins by Spm is independent of SA. The size of TMV-induced local lesions was reduced by Spm treatment. These results indicate that Spm accumulates outside of cells after lesion formation and induces both acidic PR proteins and resistance against TMV via a SA-independent signaling pathway.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
An acidic pathogenesis-related protein inducer accumulated in infected necrotic tobacco leaf intercellular spaces.
- Taxon
- tobacco
Nicotiana tabacume0 - Interactor
- tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
Tobacco mosaic viruse0pathogen - Outcome
- an inducer for acidic pathogenesis-related (PR) proteinse0
- Direction
- accumulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the spaces of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-infected and necrotic lesion-forming tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) leaves, we found that an inducer for acidic pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins was accumulated.”
Claim · model-written summary
The induction activity occurred in low molecular mass basic fractions coeluting with authentic spermine.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Compound
- spermine (Spm)e0
- Outcome
- induction activitye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Both Tobacco Acidic”
e0“The induction activity was recovered in gel-filtrated fractions of low molecular mass with a basic nature, into which authentic spermine (Spm) was eluted.”
Claim · model-written summary
Free spermine in necrotic lesion intercellular spaces was 20-fold higher than in healthy leaves.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Outcome
- levels of free Spme0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 20-folde0
- Comparator
- healthy leavese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Both Tobacco Acidic”
e0“found 20-fold higher levels of free Spm than in healthy leaves.”
Claim · model-written summary
Applied spermine induced acidic PR-1 gene expression.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- exogenously supplied Spme0
- Gene
- acidic PR-1e0
- Outcome
- acidic PR-1 gene expressione0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Both Tobacco Acidic”
e0“exogenously supplied Spm induced acidic PR-1 gene expression.”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine treatment increased acidic PR-1, PR-2, PR-3 and PR-5 protein accumulation.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- Spm treatmente0
- Outcome
- acidic PR-1 but also acidic PR-2, PR-3, and PR-5 protein accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Both Tobacco Acidic”
e0“Spm treatment increased not only acidic PR-1 but also acidic PR-2, PR-3, and PR-5 protein accumulation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid treatment did not significantly increase endogenous spermine.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- salicylic acid (SA)e0
- Outcome
- level of endogenous Spme0
- Direction
- no significant increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment of healthy tobacco leaves with salicylic acid (SA) caused no significant increase in the level of endogenous Spm”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine did not increase endogenous salicylic acid.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- Spme0
- Outcome
- level of endogenous SAe0
- Direction
- did not increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Both Tobacco Acidic”
e0“Spm did not increase the level of endogenous SA”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine treatment reduced the size of virus-induced local lesions.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- Spm treatmente0
- Interactor
- TMVTobacco mosaic viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- size of TMV-induced local lesionse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Both Tobacco Acidic”
e0“The size of TMV-induced local lesions was reduced by Spm treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors infer spermine induces acidic defense proteins and virus resistance through a salicylate-independent pathway.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Interactor
- TMVTobacco mosaic viruse0pathogen
- Compound
- Spme0
- Outcome
- acidic PR proteins and resistance against TMVe0
- Qualifier
- SA-independent signaling pathwaye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Both Tobacco Acidic”
e0“Spm accumulates outside of cells after lesion formation and induces both acidic PR proteins and resistance against TMV via a SA-independent signaling pathway.”
The same questions in other papers
spermine · molecular: expression · Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →salicylic acid · molecular: metabolites · Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
11 papers more in this group
See all 15 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.