Abstract
Experiments in three dry years, 1993/94, 1994/95 and 1995/96, on a medium sand at ADAS Gleadthorpe, England, tested responses of six winter wheat cultivars to irrigation of dry-matter growth, partitioning of dry matter to leaf, stem and ear throughout the season, and to grain at final harvest. Cultivars (Haven, Maris Huntsman, Mercia, Rialto, Riband and Soissons) were selected for contrasts in flowering date and stem soluble carbohydrate. Maximum soil moisture deficit (SMD) exceeded 140 mm in all years, with large deficits (>75 mm) from early June in 1994 and from May in 1995 and 1996. The main effects of drought on partitioning of biomass were for a decrease in the proportion of the crop as lamina in the pre-flowering period, and then earlier retranslocation of stem reserves to grains during the first half of grain filling. Restricted water availability decreased grain yield by 1·83 t/ha in 1994 ( P <0·05), and with more prolonged droughts, by 3·06 t/ha in 1995 ( P <0·001) and by 4·55 t/ha in 1996 ( P <0·001). Averaged over the three years, grain yield responses of the six cultivars differed significantly ( P <0·05). Rialto and Mercia lost only 2·8 t/ha compared with Riband and Haven which lost 3·5 t/ha. Losses for Soissons and Maris Huntsman were intermediate. In the two years with prolonged drought, the biomass depression was on average greater for Haven (6·0 t/ha) than for Maris Huntsman (4·2 t/ha) ( P <0·05). Thus, the grain yield sensitivity of Haven to drought derived, in part, from a sensitivity of biomass growth to drought. Harvest index (HI; ratio of grain to above-ground dry matter at harvest) responses of the six cultivars to irrigation also differed ( P <0·05) and contributed to the yield responses. The smallest decrease in HI of the six cultivars with restricted water availability was shown by Rialto (−0·033); this partially explained the drought resistance for this cultivar. The largest decrease was for Maris Huntsman (−0·072). The cultivars differed in flowering dates by up to 9 days but these were poorly correlated with grain yield responses to irrigation. Stem soluble carbohydrate at flowering varied amongst cultivars from 220 to 300 g/m 2 in the unirrigated crop; greater accumulation appeared to be associated with better maintenance of HI under drought. It is concluded that high stem-soluble carbohydrate reserves could be used to improve drought resistance in the UK's temperate climate, but that early flowering seems less likely to be useful.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Drought reduced the pre-flowering fraction of biomass in wheat lamina.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Organ / stage
- pre-flowering periode0
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- proportion of the crop as laminae0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The main effects of drought on partitioning of biomass were for a decrease in the proportion of the crop as lamina in the pre-flowering period”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought advanced transfer of wheat stem reserves to grain during early grain filling.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- retranslocation of stem reserves to grainse0
- Direction
- earliere0
- Qualifier
- during the first half of grain fillinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The main effects of drought on partitioning of biomass were for a decrease in the proportion of the crop as lamina in the pre-flowering period, and then earlier retranslocation of stem reserves to grains during the first half of grain filling”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Restricted water lowered wheat grain yield by 1·83 t/ha in 1994.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Restricted water availabilitye0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 1·83 t/hae0
- Qualifier
- in 1994e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Restricted water availability decreased grain yield by 1·83 t/ha in 1994 ( P <0·05)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Restricted water lowered wheat grain yield by 3·06 t/ha in 1995.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Restricted water availabilitye0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 3·06 t/hae0
- Qualifier
- in 1995e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Restricted water availability decreased grain yield by 1·83 t/ha in 1994 ( P <0·05), and with more prolonged droughts, by 3·06 t/ha in 1995 ( P <0·001)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Restricted water lowered wheat grain yield by 4·55 t/ha in 1996.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Restricted water availabilitye0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 4·55 t/hae0
- Qualifier
- in 1996e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Restricted water availability decreased grain yield by 1·83 t/ha in 1994 ( P <0·05), and with more prolonged droughts, by 3·06 t/ha in 1995 ( P <0·001) and by 4·55 t/ha in 1996 ( P <0·001)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Cultivars differed significantly in mean yield response to drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- six cultivarse0
- Outcome
- grain yield responsese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“grain yield responses of the six cultivars differed significantly ( P <0·05)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Rialto and Mercia each lost only 2·8 t/ha of grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Rialto and Merciae0
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- loste0
- Value
- 2·8 t/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rialto and Mercia lost only 2·8 t/ha”
e2“grain yield responses of the six cultivars differed significantly”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Riband and Haven each lost 3·5 t/ha of grain yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Riband and Havene0
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- loste0
- Value
- 3·5 t/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Riband and Haven which lost 3·5 t/ha”
e2“grain yield responses of the six cultivars differed significantly”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Soissons and Maris Huntsman had intermediate grain-yield losses.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Soissons and Maris Huntsmane0
- Outcome
- Lossese0
- Direction
- intermediatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Losses for Soissons and Maris Huntsman were intermediate”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Haven biomass declined by 6·0 t/ha under prolonged drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Havene0
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- biomass depressione0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 6·0 t/hae0
- Qualifier
- 4·2 t/hae0
- Comparator
- Maris Huntsmane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the two years with prolonged drought, the biomass depression was on average greater for Haven (6·0 t/ha) than for Maris Huntsman (4·2 t/ha) ( P <0·05)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Maris Huntsman biomass declined by 4·2 t/ha under prolonged drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Maris Huntsmane0
- Treatment
- droughte0
- Outcome
- biomass depressione0
- Direction
- lowerinferrede0
- Value
- 4·2 t/hae0
- Qualifier
- 6·0 t/hae0
- Comparator
- Havene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the two years with prolonged drought, the biomass depression was on average greater for Haven (6·0 t/ha) than for Maris Huntsman (4·2 t/ha) ( P <0·05)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Harvest-index responses to irrigation differed significantly among six cultivars.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- six cultivarse0
- Outcome
- Harvest indexe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Harvest index (HI; ratio of grain to above-ground dry matter at harvest) responses of the six cultivars to irrigation also differed ( P <0·05)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Rialto had the smallest harvest-index decline under limited water, −0·033.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Rialtoe0
- Treatment
- restricted water availabilitye0
- Outcome
- HIe0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- −0·033e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The smallest decrease in HI of the six cultivars with restricted water availability was shown by Rialto (−0·033)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Maris Huntsman had the largest harvest-index decline, −0·072.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Maris Huntsmane0
- Treatment
- restricted water availabilitye0
- Outcome
- HIe0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- −0·072e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The smallest decrease in HI of the six cultivars with restricted water availability was shown by Rialto (−0·033); this partially explained the drought resistance for this cultivar. The largest decrease was for Maris Huntsman (−0·072)”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Flowering dates differed by up to 9 days among cultivars.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- flowering datese0
- Value
- up to 9 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The cultivars differed in flowering dates by up to 9 days”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Flowering-date differences were poorly correlated with grain-yield response to irrigation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- flowering datese0
- Outcome
- grain yield responses to irrigatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The cultivars differed in flowering dates by up to 9 days but these were poorly correlated with grain yield responses to irrigation”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Unirrigated stem soluble carbohydrate ranged from 220 to 300 g/m 2 across cultivars.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- at floweringe0
- Outcome
- Stem soluble carbohydratee0
- Value
- 220 to 300 g/m 2e0
- Qualifier
- unirrigated crope0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stem soluble carbohydrate at flowering varied amongst cultivars from 220 to 300 g/m 2 in the unirrigated crop”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Greater stem soluble carbohydrate appeared associated with better harvest-index maintenance under drought.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- Stem soluble carbohydratee0
- Outcome
- maintenance of HIe0
- Direction
- bettere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stem soluble carbohydrate at flowering varied amongst cultivars from 220 to 300 g/m 2 in the unirrigated crop; greater accumulation appeared to be associated with better maintenance of HI under drought”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors proposed high stem carbohydrate reserves as a route to improve drought resistance.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- improve drought resistancee0
- Setting
- the UK's temperate climatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high stem-soluble carbohydrate reserves could be used to improve drought resistance in the UK's temperate climate”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors judged early flowering less useful for drought resistance.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- early flowering seems less likely to be usefule0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“early flowering seems less likely to be useful”
t0“wheat”
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