Abstract
The effect of gypsum (CaSO 4 ) amendment in the reduction of Al phytotoxicity of blueberry cultivars differing in Al resistance (Legacy and Brigitta, Al-resistant and Bluegold, Al-sensitive) was studied in a Hoagland's nutrient solution under acidic conditions for 2 weeks.Treatments were: Control (Hoagland solution), 2.5 mM CaSO 4 , 5 mM CaSO 4 , 100 µM Al (AlCl 3 ), 100 µM Al + 2.5 mM CaSO 4 , 100 µM Al + 5 mM CaSO 4 .Physiological, biochemical and chemical features of leaves and roots were determined to establish the amendment efficiency in the reduction of Al toxicity in these cultivars.Results showed that under Al toxicity the three investigated cultivars accumulated high Al concentrations in leaves and roots.These concentrations decreased with CaSO 4 application.Statistically significant interactions among Al in leaves but not in roots (p=0.719) and cultivars (p<0.001), were found.The lowest Ca concentration was found in the most Al-sensitive cultivar (Bluegold) and the highest in the more Al-resistant cultivars (Legacy and Brigitta).Among the underlying processes affected by Al stress in these blueberry cultivars the most evident changes were exhibited by the Al-sensitive cultivar Bluegold, where the photosynthetic performance decreased showing a slight recovery in presence of gypsum amendment at the end of experiment.Instead, the more Al-resistant cultivar (Legacy) did not change its photosynthetic parameters in presence of the gypsum amendments during the treatment, whereas in Brigitta, only a slight recovery at the end of treatment was evidenced by the gypsum application.Thus, in relation to these parameters the gypsum amendment was efficient in complete recovery from the toxic Al effect in the Al-resistant cultivar Brigitta and a slight recovery of the toxic Al effect in the Al-sensitive cultivar Bluegold.Nonetheless, this amendment is a good alternative to ameliorate Al toxicity in Al-sensitive cultivars and additionally provides a good source of Ca and S.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Aluminum toxicity led to high aluminum accumulation in leaves and roots of all three cultivars.
Verbatim
e0“under Al toxicity the three investigated cultivars accumulated high Al concentrations in leaves and roots.”
t0“blueberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum application reduced aluminum concentrations in blueberry leaves and roots.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“These concentrations decreased with CaSO 4 application.”
e1“under Al toxicity the three investigated cultivars accumulated high Al concentrations in leaves and roots.”
t0“blueberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf aluminum showed a significant cultivar interaction, unlike root aluminum.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Statistically significant interactions among Al in leaves but not in roots (p=0.719) and cultivars (p<0.001), were found.”
t0“blueberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Root aluminum did not show a significant cultivar interaction.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Statistically significant interactions among Al in leaves but not in roots (p=0.719) and cultivars (p<0.001), were found.”
t0“blueberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Bluegold had the lowest calcium concentration.
Verbatim
e0“The lowest Ca concentration was found in the most Al-sensitive cultivar (Bluegold) and the highest in the more Al-resistant cultivars (Legacy and Brigitta).”
t0“blueberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Legacy and Brigitta had the highest calcium concentrations.
Verbatim
e0“The lowest Ca concentration was found in the most Al-sensitive cultivar (Bluegold) and the highest in the more Al-resistant cultivars (Legacy and Brigitta).”
t0“blueberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Photosynthetic performance decreased under aluminum stress in Bluegold.
- Taxon
- blueberryt0
- Material
- Bluegolde0
- Treatment
- Ale0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic performancee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the Al-sensitive cultivar Bluegold, where the photosynthetic performance decreased showing a slight recovery in presence of gypsum amendment at the end of experiment.”
t0“blueberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum slightly restored photosynthetic performance in Bluegold at the end of the experiment.
- Taxon
- blueberryt0
- Material
- Bluegolde0
- Treatment
- gypsum amendmente0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic performancee0
- Direction
- recoverye0
- Qualifier
- at the end of experimente0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the Al-sensitive cultivar Bluegold, where the photosynthetic performance decreased showing a slight recovery in presence of gypsum amendment at the end of experiment.”
t0“blueberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum amendment did not change photosynthetic parameters in Legacy.
- Taxon
- blueberryt0
- Material
- Legacye0
- Treatment
- gypsum amendmentse0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic parameterse0
- Direction
- did not changee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the more Al-resistant cultivar (Legacy) did not change its photosynthetic parameters in presence of the gypsum amendments during the treatment”
t0“blueberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Gypsum produced slight photosynthetic recovery in Brigitta at treatment end.
- Taxon
- blueberryt0
- Material
- Brigittae0
- Treatment
- gypsum applicatione0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic parameterse1
- Direction
- recoverye0
- Qualifier
- at the end of treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“in Brigitta, only a slight recovery at the end of treatment was evidenced by the gypsum application.”
e1“photosynthetic parameters”
t0“blueberry”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors regard gypsum as a suitable aluminum toxicity amendment for sensitive cultivars and a source of calcium and sulfur.
Verbatim
e0“this amendment is a good alternative to ameliorate Al toxicity in Al-sensitive cultivars and additionally provides a good source of Ca and S.”
t0“blueberry”
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