Abstract
Michigan soybean producers have observed that glyphosate efficacy is sometimes reduced in tank mixtures with foliar manganese (Mn) fertilizers. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of Mn formulation, Mn application timing, tank mixture adjuvants, and Mn rate on glyphosate efficacy. Three Mn formulations, manganese sulfate and ethylaminoacetate chelate (Mn-EAA), manganese sulfate and lignin sulfonate chelate (Mn-LS), and manganese sulfate monohydrate (MnSO4) reduced glyphosate efficacy in greenhouse and field bioassays, but Mn ethylenediaminetetraacetate (Mn-EDTA) did not. Mn-EAA applied less than 3 d before glyphosate reduced glyphosate efficacy on velvetleaf but not giant foxtail or common lambsquarters. The antagonism increased as the interval between treatment applications was shortened but did not appear when Mn was applied to velvetleaf 1 d or more after glyphosate. Including the adjuvants ammonium sulfate (AMS), EDTA, or citric acid in the glyphosate–Mn tank mixture increased control of giant foxtail and velvetleaf but only matched the efficacy of the glyphosate plus AMS control in three combinations: AMS with Mn-LS on velvetleaf, citric acid with MnSO4 on giant foxtail, and EDTA with Mn-EAA on giant foxtail. AMS increased the glyphosate efficacy in Mn tank mixtures as much as, or more than, citric acid and EDTA, with two exceptions: EDTA with Mn-EAA on giant foxtail and citric acid with MnSO4 on velvetleaf. Control of velvetleaf declined as the amount of Mn from Mn-EAA, Mn-LS, and MnSO4 in the tank mixture increased.Nomenclature: Glyphosate; common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. #3 CHEAL; giant foxtail, Setaria faberi Herrm. # SETFA; velvetleaf, Abutilon theophrasti Medicus. # ABUTH; soybean, Glycine max L.Additional index words: Fertilizer, hard-water antagonism, herbicide interaction, micronutrient, split application.Abbreviations: AMS, ammonium sulfate; EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetate; glyphosate-IPA, isopropylamine salt of glyphosate; glyphosate-K, potassium salt of glyphosate; Mn-EAA, manganese sulfate and ethylaminoacetate chelate; Mn-EDTA, manganese ethylenediaminetetraacetate; Mn-LS, manganese sulfate and lignin sulfonate chelate; MnSO4, manganese sulfate monohydrate.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Mn-EAA reduced glyphosate efficacy.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe1 - Treatment
- Mn-EAAe0
- Outcome
- glyphosate efficacye0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Setting
- greenhouse and field bioassayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“manganese sulfate and ethylaminoacetate chelate (Mn-EAA), manganese sulfate and lignin sulfonate chelate (Mn-LS), and manganese sulfate monohydrate (MnSO4) reduced glyphosate efficacy in greenhouse and field bioassays”
e1“soybean, Glycine max L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mn-LS reduced glyphosate efficacy.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- Mn-LSe0
- Outcome
- glyphosate efficacye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“manganese sulfate and ethylaminoacetate chelate (Mn-EAA), manganese sulfate and lignin sulfonate chelate (Mn-LS), and manganese sulfate monohydrate (MnSO4) reduced glyphosate efficacy in greenhouse and field bioassays”
e1“soybean, Glycine max L.”
Claim · model-written summary
MnSO4 reduced glyphosate efficacy.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- MnSO4e0
- Outcome
- glyphosate efficacye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“manganese sulfate and ethylaminoacetate chelate (Mn-EAA), manganese sulfate and lignin sulfonate chelate (Mn-LS), and manganese sulfate monohydrate (MnSO4) reduced glyphosate efficacy in greenhouse and field bioassays”
e1“soybean, Glycine max L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mn-EDTA did not reduce glyphosate efficacy.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe2
- Treatment
- Mn-EDTAe0
- Outcome
- glyphosate efficacye1
- Direction
- did note0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but Mn ethylenediaminetetraacetate (Mn-EDTA) did not”
e1“reduced glyphosate efficacy in greenhouse and field bioassays”
e2“soybean, Glycine max L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mn-EAA applied less than 3 d before glyphosate reduced control of velvetleaf.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- Mn-EAA applied less than 3 d before glyphosatee0
- Interactor
- velvetleaf
Abutilon theophrastie0weed - Outcome
- glyphosate efficacy on velvetleafe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mn-EAA applied less than 3 d before glyphosate reduced glyphosate efficacy on velvetleaf but not giant foxtail or common lambsquarters”
e1“soybean, Glycine max L.”
Claim · model-written summary
The same Mn-EAA timing did not reduce efficacy on giant foxtail.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- Mn-EAA applied less than 3 d before glyphosatee0
- Interactor
- giant foxtaile0weed
- Outcome
- glyphosate efficacye0
- Direction
- note0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mn-EAA applied less than 3 d before glyphosate reduced glyphosate efficacy on velvetleaf but not giant foxtail or common lambsquarters”
e1“soybean, Glycine max L.”
Claim · model-written summary
The same Mn-EAA timing did not reduce efficacy on common lambsquarters.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- Mn-EAA applied less than 3 d before glyphosatee0
- Interactor
- common lambsquarters
Chenopodium albume0weed - Outcome
- glyphosate efficacye0
- Direction
- note0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mn-EAA applied less than 3 d before glyphosate reduced glyphosate efficacy on velvetleaf but not giant foxtail or common lambsquarters”
e1“soybean, Glycine max L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Antagonism increased as time between applications shortened.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- interval between treatment applicationse0
- Outcome
- antagonisme0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The antagonism increased as the interval between treatment applications was shortened”
e1“soybean, Glycine max L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Antagonism was absent when Mn followed glyphosate by at least 1 d on velvetleaf.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- Mn was applied to velvetleaf 1 d or more after glyphosatee0
- Interactor
- velvetleafAbutilon theophrastie0weed
- Outcome
- antagonisme2
- Direction
- did not appeare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“did not appear when Mn was applied to velvetleaf 1 d or more after glyphosate”
e1“soybean, Glycine max L.”
e2“The antagonism increased as the interval between treatment applications was shortened”
Claim · model-written summary
AMS in glyphosate–Mn mixtures increased control of giant foxtail and velvetleaf.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- ammonium sulfate (AMS)e0
- Outcome
- control of giant foxtail and velvetleafe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Including the adjuvants ammonium sulfate (AMS), EDTA, or citric acid in the glyphosate–Mn tank mixture increased control of giant foxtail and velvetleaf”
e1“soybean, Glycine max L.”
Claim · model-written summary
EDTA in glyphosate–Mn mixtures increased control of giant foxtail and velvetleaf.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- EDTAe0
- Outcome
- control of giant foxtail and velvetleafe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Including the adjuvants ammonium sulfate (AMS), EDTA, or citric acid in the glyphosate–Mn tank mixture increased control of giant foxtail and velvetleaf”
e1“soybean, Glycine max L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Citric acid in glyphosate–Mn mixtures increased control of giant foxtail and velvetleaf.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- citric acide0
- Outcome
- control of giant foxtail and velvetleafe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Including the adjuvants ammonium sulfate (AMS), EDTA, or citric acid in the glyphosate–Mn tank mixture increased control of giant foxtail and velvetleaf”
e1“soybean, Glycine max L.”
Claim · model-written summary
AMS with Mn-LS on velvetleaf matched glyphosate plus AMS control efficacy.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe2
- Treatment
- AMS with Mn-LSe0
- Interactor
- velvetleafAbutilon theophrastie0weed
- Outcome
- efficacye1
- Direction
- matchede1
- Comparator
- glyphosate plus AMS controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMS with Mn-LS on velvetleaf”
e1“only matched the efficacy of the glyphosate plus AMS control in three combinations”
e2“soybean, Glycine max L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Citric acid with MnSO4 on giant foxtail matched glyphosate plus AMS control efficacy.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe2
- Treatment
- citric acid with MnSO4e0
- Interactor
- giant foxtaile0weed
- Outcome
- efficacye1
- Direction
- matchede1
- Comparator
- glyphosate plus AMS controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“citric acid with MnSO4 on giant foxtail”
e1“only matched the efficacy of the glyphosate plus AMS control in three combinations”
e2“soybean, Glycine max L.”
Claim · model-written summary
EDTA with Mn-EAA on giant foxtail matched glyphosate plus AMS control efficacy.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe2
- Treatment
- EDTA with Mn-EAAe0
- Interactor
- giant foxtaile0weed
- Outcome
- efficacye1
- Direction
- matchede1
- Comparator
- glyphosate plus AMS controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and EDTA with Mn-EAA on giant foxtail”
e1“only matched the efficacy of the glyphosate plus AMS control in three combinations”
e2“soybean, Glycine max L.”
Claim · model-written summary
AMS generally raised glyphosate efficacy in Mn mixtures at least as much as citric acid or EDTA, with two stated exceptions.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- AMSe0
- Outcome
- glyphosate efficacye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- with two exceptions: EDTA with Mn-EAA on giant foxtail and citric acid with MnSO4 on velvetleafe0
- Comparator
- citric acid and EDTAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMS increased the glyphosate efficacy in Mn tank mixtures as much as, or more than, citric acid and EDTA, with two exceptions: EDTA with Mn-EAA on giant foxtail and citric acid with MnSO4 on velvetleaf”
e1“soybean, Glycine max L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Velvetleaf control declined as Mn from Mn-EAA increased.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- Mn-EAAe0
- Interactor
- velvetleafAbutilon theophrastie0weed
- Outcome
- Control of velvetleafe0
- Direction
- declinede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Control of velvetleaf declined as the amount of Mn from Mn-EAA, Mn-LS, and MnSO4 in the tank mixture increased”
e1“soybean, Glycine max L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Velvetleaf control declined as Mn from Mn-LS increased.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- Mn-LSe0
- Interactor
- velvetleafAbutilon theophrastie0weed
- Outcome
- Control of velvetleafe0
- Direction
- declinede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Control of velvetleaf declined as the amount of Mn from Mn-EAA, Mn-LS, and MnSO4 in the tank mixture increased”
e1“soybean, Glycine max L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Velvetleaf control declined as Mn from MnSO4 increased.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- MnSO4e0
- Interactor
- velvetleafAbutilon theophrastie0weed
- Outcome
- Control of velvetleafe0
- Direction
- declinede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Control of velvetleaf declined as the amount of Mn from Mn-EAA, Mn-LS, and MnSO4 in the tank mixture increased”
e1“soybean, Glycine max L.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.