Abstract
Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential for antagonistic or synergistic interactions from tank mixtures of glyphosate plus a selective herbicide applied postemergence. In the greenhouse, glyphosate at 420 g ae ha −1 plus 28% liquid urea-ammonium nitrate (28% UAN) provided at least 89% control of common lambsquarters and common ragweed. Glyphosate at 1,680 g ha −1 plus 28% UAN provided less than 81% control of velvetleaf and less than 75% control of ivyleaf morningglory. Tank mixing bentazon at 1,120 g ai ha −1 with glyphosate at 420 g ha −1 synergistically increased control of velvetleaf. Tank mixtures of glyphosate plus a selective herbicide were predominately additive in control of common lambsquarters, common ragweed, and velvetleaf. Several tank mix combinations of chlorimuron or imazethapyr plus glyphosate plus 28% UAN were antagonistic in control of ivyleaf morningglory. In the field, glyphosate at 840 g ha −1 plus 28% UAN provided at least 88% control of common lambsquarters and velvetleaf in 1994. However, glyphosate at 840 g ha −1 plus 28% UAN provided only 60% control of velvetleaf in 1995. Tank-mixing bentazon or CGA-248757 with glyphosate at 420 g ha −1 increased velvetleaf and common lambsquarters control in 1995. In general, adding chlorimuron, imazethapyr, or thifensulfuron to glyphosate plus 28% UAN did not increase control of common lambsquarters or velvetleaf. Tank mixing imazethapyr with glyphosate plus 28% UAN antagonized velvetleaf control in 1994 and in 1995. The tank mixture of thifensulfuron at 2 g ha −1 plus glyphosate at 420 g ha −1 plus 28% UAN increased soybean injury in the field in 1994. However, tank mixing chlorimuron, imazethapyr, or thifensulfuron with glyphosate plus 28% UAN did not increase soybean injury in the greenhouse or in the field in 1995.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate with UAN controlled common lambsquarters by at least 89% in the greenhouse.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- glyphosate at 420 g ae ha −1 plus 28% liquid urea-ammonium nitrate (28% UAN)e1
- Interactor
- common lambsquarters
Chenopodium albume1 - Outcome
- control of common lambsquarterse1
- Direction
- at leaste1
- Value
- 89%e1
Not reportedInteractor roleComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e1“glyphosate at 420 g ae ha −1 plus 28% liquid urea-ammonium nitrate (28% UAN) provided at least 89% control of common lambsquarters and common ragweed”
Claim · model-written summary
The same mixture controlled common ragweed by at least 89%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- glyphosate at 420 g ae ha −1 plus 28% liquid urea-ammonium nitrate (28% UAN)e1
- Outcome
- common ragweede1
- Direction
- at leaste1
- Value
- 89%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e1“glyphosate at 420 g ae ha −1 plus 28% liquid urea-ammonium nitrate (28% UAN) provided at least 89% control of common lambsquarters and common ragweed”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher-rate glyphosate with UAN controlled velvetleaf by less than 81%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Glyphosate at 1,680 g ha −1 plus 28% UANe1
- Outcome
- control of velvetleafe1
- Direction
- less thane1
- Value
- 81%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e1“Glyphosate at 1,680 g ha −1 plus 28% UAN provided less than 81% control of velvetleaf and less than 75% control of ivyleaf morningglory”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher-rate glyphosate with UAN controlled ivyleaf morningglory by less than 75%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Glyphosate at 1,680 g ha −1 plus 28% UANe1
- Outcome
- control of ivyleaf morningglorye1
- Direction
- less thane1
- Value
- 75%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e1“Glyphosate at 1,680 g ha −1 plus 28% UAN provided less than 81% control of velvetleaf and less than 75% control of ivyleaf morningglory”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding bentazon synergistically increased velvetleaf control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- bentazon at 1,120 g ai ha −1 with glyphosate at 420 g ha −1e1
- Outcome
- control of velvetleafe1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e1“Tank mixing bentazon at 1,120 g ai ha −1 with glyphosate at 420 g ha −1 synergistically increased control of velvetleaf”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate plus selective herbicides were predominantly additive against three weeds.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- glyphosate plus a selective herbicidee1
- Outcome
- additive in control of common lambsquarters, common ragweed, and velvetleafe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e1“Tank mixtures of glyphosate plus a selective herbicide were predominately additive in control of common lambsquarters, common ragweed, and velvetleaf”
Claim · model-written summary
Several chlorimuron mixtures antagonized ivyleaf morningglory control.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- chlorimuron or imazethapyr plus glyphosate plus 28% UANe1
- Outcome
- control of ivyleaf morningglorye1
- Direction
- antagonistice1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e1“Several tank mix combinations of chlorimuron or imazethapyr plus glyphosate plus 28% UAN were antagonistic in control of ivyleaf morningglory”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate with UAN controlled common lambsquarters at least 88% in the 1994 field trial.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- glyphosate at 840 g ha −1 plus 28% UANe1
- Outcome
- control of common lambsquarterse1
- Direction
- at leaste1
- Value
- 88%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e1“glyphosate at 840 g ha −1 plus 28% UAN provided at least 88% control of common lambsquarters and velvetleaf in 1994”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate with UAN controlled velvetleaf at least 88% in the 1994 field trial.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- glyphosate at 840 g ha −1 plus 28% UANe1
- Outcome
- velvetleafe1
- Direction
- at leaste1
- Value
- 88%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e1“glyphosate at 840 g ha −1 plus 28% UAN provided at least 88% control of common lambsquarters and velvetleaf in 1994”
Claim · model-written summary
The same mixture controlled velvetleaf by only 60% in 1995.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- glyphosate at 840 g ha −1 plus 28% UANe1
- Outcome
- control of velvetleafe1
- Direction
- onlye1
- Value
- 60%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e1“glyphosate at 840 g ha −1 plus 28% UAN provided only 60% control of velvetleaf in 1995”
Claim · model-written summary
Bentazon mixed with glyphosate increased velvetleaf and lambsquarters control in 1995.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- bentazone1
- Outcome
- velvetleaf and common lambsquarters controle1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e1“Tank-mixing bentazon or CGA-248757 with glyphosate at 420 g ha −1 increased velvetleaf and common lambsquarters control in 1995”
Claim · model-written summary
CGA-248757 mixed with glyphosate increased velvetleaf and lambsquarters control in 1995.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- CGA-248757e1
- Outcome
- velvetleaf and common lambsquarters controle1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e1“Tank-mixing bentazon or CGA-248757 with glyphosate at 420 g ha −1 increased velvetleaf and common lambsquarters control in 1995”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding chlorimuron, imazethapyr or thifensulfuron generally did not increase control of lambsquarters or velvetleaf.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- chlorimuron, imazethapyr, or thifensulfurone1
- Outcome
- control of common lambsquarters or velvetleafe1
- Direction
- did not increasee1
- Comparator
- glyphosate plus 28% UANe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e1“adding chlorimuron, imazethapyr, or thifensulfuron to glyphosate plus 28% UAN did not increase control of common lambsquarters or velvetleaf”
Claim · model-written summary
Imazethapyr with glyphosate and UAN antagonized velvetleaf control in both years.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- imazethapyr with glyphosate plus 28% UANe1
- Outcome
- velvetleaf controle1
- Direction
- antagonizede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e1“Tank mixing imazethapyr with glyphosate plus 28% UAN antagonized velvetleaf control in 1994 and in 1995”
Claim · model-written summary
Thifensulfuron with glyphosate and UAN increased soybean injury in the 1994 field trial.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- thifensulfuron at 2 g ha −1 plus glyphosate at 420 g ha −1 plus 28% UANe1
- Outcome
- soybean injurye1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e1“thifensulfuron at 2 g ha −1 plus glyphosate at 420 g ha −1 plus 28% UAN increased soybean injury in the field in 1994”
Claim · model-written summary
The listed mixtures did not increase soybean injury in the greenhouse or 1995 field trial.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- chlorimuron, imazethapyr, or thifensulfuron with glyphosate plus 28% UANe1
- Outcome
- soybean injurye1
- Direction
- did not increasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“soybean”
e1“tank mixing chlorimuron, imazethapyr, or thifensulfuron with glyphosate plus 28% UAN did not increase soybean injury in the greenhouse or in the field in 1995”
The same questions in other papers
glyphosate · crop injury · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
22 papers in the same direction as this paper · 10 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- negative
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See all 33 papers →thifensulfuron · control · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
4 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
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3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
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See all 6 papers →bentazone · control · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- negative
- no effect
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See all 10 papers →glyphosate · Chenopodium album · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
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See all 10 papers →chlorimuron · crop injury · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
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See all 10 papers →Imazethapyr · crop injury · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
12 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
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See all 16 papers →glyphosate · organism · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
15 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
19 papers more in this group
See all 23 papers →8 of 12 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.