Abstract
Effects of spermidine (Spd) on yield, yield-related parameters and mineral composition in mature grains of rice exposed to NaCl stress were investigated in rice cultivars Pokkali (salt-tolerant) and KDML105 (salt-sensitive). Plants were grown in pots until early booting stage after which the plants were sprayed with 1 mM Spd for 7 successive days before being stressed by irrigating with 25 mM NaCl instead of tap water until maturity. Salt stress resulted in 32% and 56% reduction in grain yield per plant in Pokkali and KDML105 respectively. Pretreatment with Spd dramatically improved grain yield per plant of KDML105 from 17.7 to 28.7 g (62% increase) and Pokkali from 31.0 to 36.2 g (16% increase). Salt stress resulted in significant reductions in macronutrient elements i.e. N, P, K and Mg but an increase in Ca in brown rice grains of both cultivars. Although Spd pretreatment did not increase the salt-inhibited accumulation of N, P and Mg, it did improve K content and inhibited Na uptake leading to a large improvement in K/Na ratio. Spd pretreatment generally did not have any beneficial effects on the composition of micronutrient elements. Spd pretreatment considerably improved the red pigmentation in pericarp of salt-treated Pokkali grains and slightly increased 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) in KDML105 grains. The present study demonstrated that exogenous Spd application alleviated the adverse effects of NaCl stress on the reproductive processes leading to an improvement in rice yield, particularly in the salt-sensitive cultivar. However, to exploit Spd for agricultural benefits more research is needed to evaluate the most suitable plant developmental stages as well as the most cost-effective concentrations and methods of Spd application.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced Pokkali grain yield by 32%.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Material
- Pokkalie0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- grain yield per plante0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 32%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress resulted in 32% and 56% reduction in grain yield per plant in Pokkali and KDML105 respectively.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced KDML105 grain yield by 56%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- KDML105e0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- grain yield per plante0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 56%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress resulted in 32% and 56% reduction in grain yield per plant in Pokkali and KDML105 respectively.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Spd pretreatment increased KDML105 grain yield by 62%, from 17.7 to 28.7 g.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- KDML105e0
- Treatment
- Pretreatment with Spde0
- Outcome
- grain yield per plante0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 62%e0
- Qualifier
- from 17.7 to 28.7 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pretreatment with Spd dramatically improved grain yield per plant of KDML105 from 17.7 to 28.7 g (62% increase)”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Spd pretreatment increased Pokkali grain yield by 16%, from 31.0 to 36.2 g.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Pokkalie0
- Treatment
- Pretreatment with Spde1
- Outcome
- grain yield per plante1
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 16%e0
- Qualifier
- from 31.0 to 36.2 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pokkali from 31.0 to 36.2 g (16% increase)”
t0“rice”
e1“Pretreatment with Spd dramatically improved grain yield per plant of KDML105 from 17.7 to 28.7 g (62% increase) and Pokkali from 31.0 to 36.2 g (16% increase)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress significantly reduced N, P, K and Mg in brown rice grains.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- brown rice grainse0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- macronutrient elements i.e. N, P, K and Mge0
- Direction
- reductionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress resulted in significant reductions in macronutrient elements i.e. N, P, K and Mg but an increase in Ca in brown rice grains of both cultivars.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased Ca in brown rice grains.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- brown rice grainse0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- Cae0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress resulted in significant reductions in macronutrient elements i.e. N, P, K and Mg but an increase in Ca in brown rice grains of both cultivars.”
Claim · model-written summary
Spd pretreatment did not increase salt-inhibited N, P and Mg accumulation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Spd pretreatmente0
- Outcome
- accumulation of N, P and Mge0
- Direction
- did not increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spd pretreatment did not increase the salt-inhibited accumulation of N, P and Mg”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Spd pretreatment improved K content.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Spd pretreatmente0
- Outcome
- K contente0
- Direction
- improvee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spd pretreatment did not increase the salt-inhibited accumulation of N, P and Mg, it did improve K content”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Spd pretreatment inhibited Na uptake.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Spd pretreatmente1
- Outcome
- Na uptakee0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inhibited Na uptake”
t0“rice”
e1“Spd pretreatment generally did not have any beneficial effects”
Claim · model-written summary
Spd pretreatment greatly improved the K/Na ratio.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Spd pretreatmente1
- Outcome
- K/Na ratioe0
- Direction
- improvemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leading to a large improvement in K/Na ratio”
t0“rice”
e1“Spd pretreatment generally did not have any beneficial effects”
Claim · model-written summary
Spd pretreatment generally had no beneficial effect on micronutrient composition.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Spd pretreatmente0
- Outcome
- composition of micronutrient elementse0
- Direction
- did not have any beneficial effectse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spd pretreatment generally did not have any beneficial effects on the composition of micronutrient elements.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Spd pretreatment improved red pericarp pigmentation in salt-treated Pokkali grain.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Pokkalie0
- Treatment
- Spd pretreatmente0
- Outcome
- red pigmentation in pericarpe0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spd pretreatment considerably improved the red pigmentation in pericarp of salt-treated Pokkali grains”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Spd pretreatment slightly increased 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline in KDML105 grain.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- KDML105e0
- Treatment
- Spd pretreatmente1
- Outcome
- 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“slightly increased 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) in KDML105 grains”
t0“rice”
e1“Spd pretreatment considerably improved the red pigmentation in pericarp of salt-treated Pokkali grains and slightly increased 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) in KDML105 grains.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that exogenous Spd alleviated salt stress effects on reproduction.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- exogenous Spd applicatione0
- Outcome
- reproductive processese0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous Spd application alleviated the adverse effects of NaCl stress on the reproductive processes leading to an improvement in rice yield”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors call for research on developmental timing, concentration and application methods of Spd.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- more research is needed to evaluate the most suitable plant developmental stages as well as the most cost-effective concentrations and methods of Spd applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“more research is needed to evaluate the most suitable plant developmental stages as well as the most cost-effective concentrations and methods of Spd application”
t0“rice”
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