Abstract
Abstract High temperatures (HT) before heading strongly inhibit the development of spikelets in rice. Spermidine (Spd) can improve rice’s resistance to HT stress; however, the mechanism underlying this effect has not been elucidated. This study investigated several parameters, including yield, superoxide anion (O 2 .- ), protective enzyme activities, and polyamine content, in a heat-sensitive genotype, Shuanggui 1. The yield and yield components decreased dramatically when subjected to HT stress, while this reduction could be partially recovered by exogenous Spd. Spd also slowed the generation rate of O 2 .- and increased protective enzyme, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities both under normal and high temperatures, which suggested that Spd may participate in the antioxidant system. Furthermore, genes involved in polyamine synthesis were analyzed. The results show that HT before heading significantly increased the expression of arginine decarboxylase OsADC1 , Spd synthase OsSPDS1 and OsSPDS3 and had little effect on the expression of the S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase OsSAMDC2 and ornithine decarboxylase OsODC1 . In addition, exogenous Spd considerably reduced the expression of OsSAMDC2 , OsSPDS1 and OsSPDS3 under HT but not the expression of OsADC1 . The above mentioned results indicate that the exogenous Spd could help young rice spikelets to resist HT stress by reducing the expression of OsSAMDC2 , OsSPDS1 and OsSPDS3 , resulting in higher levels of endogenous Spd and Spm, which were also positively correlated with yield. In conclusion, the adverse effect of HT stress on young spikelets seems to be alleviated by increasing the amounts of Spd and Spm, which provides guidance for adaptation to heat stress during rice production.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress markedly reduced yield and yield components in Shuanggui 1.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Material
- Shuanggui 1e1
- Treatment
- HT stresse0
- Outcome
- yield and yield componentse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yield and yield components decreased dramatically when subjected to HT stress”
t0“Rice Spikelets”
e1“Shuanggui 1”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous spermidine partially recovered heat-reduced yield and yield components.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- exogenous Spde0
- Outcome
- yield and yield componentse1
- Direction
- partially recoverede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while this reduction could be partially recovered by exogenous Spd”
t0“Rice Spikelets”
e1“yield and yield components”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine slowed superoxide anion generation under normal and high temperature.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Spde0
- Outcome
- generation rate of O 2 .-e0
- Direction
- slowede0
- Qualifier
- both under normal and high temperaturese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spd also slowed the generation rate of O 2 .- and increased protective enzyme, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities both under normal and high temperatures”
t0“Rice Spikelets”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine increased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities under normal and high temperature.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Spde0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- both under normal and high temperaturese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spd also slowed the generation rate of O 2 .- and increased protective enzyme, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities both under normal and high temperatures”
t0“Rice Spikelets”
Claim · model-written summary
Preheading heat significantly increased OsADC1 expression.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- HT before headinge0
- Gene
- OsADC1e0
- Outcome
- expression of arginine decarboxylase OsADC1e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HT before heading significantly increased the expression of arginine decarboxylase OsADC1 , Spd synthase OsSPDS1 and OsSPDS3”
t0“Rice Spikelets”
Claim · model-written summary
Preheading heat significantly increased OsSPDS1 and OsSPDS3 expression.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- HT before headinge0
- Gene
- OsSPDS1 and OsSPDS3e0
- Outcome
- Spd synthase OsSPDS1 and OsSPDS3e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HT before heading significantly increased the expression of arginine decarboxylase OsADC1 , Spd synthase OsSPDS1 and OsSPDS3”
t0“Rice Spikelets”
Claim · model-written summary
Preheading heat had little effect on OsSAMDC2 and OsODC1 expression.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- HT before headinge1
- Gene
- OsSAMDC2 and ornithine decarboxylase OsODC1e0
- Outcome
- expression of the S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase OsSAMDC2 and ornithine decarboxylase OsODC1e0
- Direction
- little effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“had little effect on the expression of the S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase OsSAMDC2 and ornithine decarboxylase OsODC1”
t0“Rice Spikelets”
e1“HT before heading”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous spermidine reduced OsSAMDC2, OsSPDS1 and OsSPDS3 expression under heat.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- exogenous Spde0
- Gene
- OsSAMDC2 , OsSPDS1 and OsSPDS3e0
- Outcome
- expression of OsSAMDC2 , OsSPDS1 and OsSPDS3e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous Spd considerably reduced the expression of OsSAMDC2 , OsSPDS1 and OsSPDS3 under HT”
t0“Rice Spikelets”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous spermidine did not reduce OsADC1 expression under heat.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- exogenous Spde1
- Gene
- OsADC1e0
- Outcome
- expression of OsADC1e0
- Direction
- note0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but not the expression of OsADC1”
t0“Rice Spikelets”
e1“In addition, exogenous Spd”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced expression of three polyamine synthesis genes was proposed to raise endogenous Spd and Spm and improve heat resistance.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- exogenous Spde0
- Gene
- OsSAMDC2 , OsSPDS1 and OsSPDS3e0
- Outcome
- higher levels of endogenous Spd and Spme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the exogenous Spd could help young rice spikelets to resist HT stress by reducing the expression of OsSAMDC2 , OsSPDS1 and OsSPDS3 , resulting in higher levels of endogenous Spd and Spm”
Claim · model-written summary
Endogenous Spd and Spm levels were positively correlated with yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Compound
- endogenous Spd and Spme0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- positivelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher levels of endogenous Spd and Spm, which were also positively correlated with yield”
e1“young rice spikelets”
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