Abstract
Abstract Potassium (K) deficiency is a widespread nutritional stress that significantly limits rice productivity by impairing growth and physiological functions. To address this challenge, we hypothesized that seed priming with salicylic acid (SA) or spermidine (SPD) could enhance seedling performance and stress tolerance under low-K conditions. This study evaluated the physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses of rice seedlings primed with SA and SPD when grown under potassium-deficient conditions. Both priming treatments significantly improved nutrient uptake and biomass accumulation, with shoot dry weight increasing by 36.9% under SA and 42.8% under SPD, and root dry weight increasing by 56% and 50%, respectively, compared with Water-K primed stressed seedlings. SA and SPD also reduced cell membrane damage, consistent with their role in mitigating oxidative stress. Notably, leaf malondialdehyde (MDA) levels reduced by 10.6% under SA and 10.9% under SPD, while root hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) levels reduced by 7.6% and 21%, respectively. In vitro assays demonstrated that SPD selectively scavenged superoxide radicals (O₂⁻) in dose-dependent manner, although it did not directly reduce H₂O₂ levels, suggesting a specific ROS-scavenging role. At the molecular level, priming particularly with SPD strongly upregulated genes associated with polyamine biosynthesis, including arginine decarboxylase ( OsADC1 ), spermidine synthase ( OsSPDS1 and OsSPDS3 ), and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase ( OsSAMDC2 ). Overall, SPD priming conferred greater physiological and molecular benefits than SA, promoting enhanced seedling growth, improved ion homeostasis, and stronger stress resilience under K deficiency. These findings highlight seed priming SPD as a promising strategy to boost rice performance in low-K environments and support sustainable nutrient management.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
SA priming raised shoot dry weight by 36.9%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoot dry weight increasing by 36.9% under SA”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SPD priming raised shoot dry weight by 42.8%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shoot dry weight increasing by 36.9% under SA and 42.8% under SPD”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SA priming raised root dry weight by 56%.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Outcome
- root dry weighte0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 56%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root dry weight increasing by 56% and 50%, respectively”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SPD priming raised root dry weight by 50%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- root dry weighte0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 50%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root dry weight increasing by 56% and 50%, respectively”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SA and SPD priming improved nutrient uptake.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Both priming treatmentse0
- Outcome
- nutrient uptakee0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both priming treatments significantly improved nutrient uptake”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SA and SPD priming reduced membrane damage.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SA and SPDe0
- Outcome
- cell membrane damagee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SA and SPD also reduced cell membrane damage”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SA priming reduced leaf MDA by 10.6%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SAe0
- Outcome
- leaf malondialdehyde (MDA) levelse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 10.6%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf malondialdehyde (MDA) levels reduced by 10.6% under SA”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SPD priming reduced leaf MDA by 10.9%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SPDe0
- Outcome
- leaf malondialdehyde (MDA) levelse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 10.9%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaf malondialdehyde (MDA) levels reduced by 10.6% under SA and 10.9% under SPD”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SA priming reduced root hydrogen peroxide by 7.6%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- root hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) levelse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 7.6%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) levels reduced by 7.6% and 21%, respectively”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SPD priming reduced root hydrogen peroxide by 21%.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- root hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) levelse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 21%e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) levels reduced by 7.6% and 21%, respectively”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SPD scavenged superoxide radicals dose dependently in vitro.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- scavenged superoxide radicals (O₂⁻)e0
- Qualifier
- dose-dependent mannere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SPD selectively scavenged superoxide radicals (O₂⁻) in dose-dependent manner”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SPD did not directly reduce hydrogen peroxide in vitro.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- H₂O₂ levelse0
- Direction
- did not directly reducee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it did not directly reduce H₂O₂ levels”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SPD priming upregulated OsADC1, OsSPDS1, OsSPDS3 and OsSAMDC2.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SPDe0
- Gene
- OsADC1e0
- Outcome
- genes associated with polyamine biosynthesise0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SPD strongly upregulated genes associated with polyamine biosynthesis, including arginine decarboxylase ( OsADC1 ), spermidine synthase ( OsSPDS1 and OsSPDS3 ), and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase ( OsSAMDC2 )”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
SPD priming gave greater physiological and molecular benefits than SA.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- physiological and molecular benefitse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- SAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SPD priming conferred greater physiological and molecular benefits than SA”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend SPD seed priming for rice in low-K environments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- seed priming SPD as a promising strategye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed priming SPD as a promising strategy to boost rice performance in low-K environments”
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