Abstract
The growth and development of Anthurium andraeanum Andre cv . Kaumana flower before and after emergence from the subtending leaf base was studied. Eighty days before emergence, the anthurium flower was =0.3 cm long, enclosed by two tightly rolled stipules at the base of the subtending leaf petiole. During the rapid elongation stage of the leaf petiole, the flower (0.8 to 1.0 cm long) entered a period of slow growth 40 to 60 days before flower emergence. After the subtending leaf blade unfurled and had a positive photosynthetic rate, flower growth resumed. Spathe color development started =28 days before emergence when the flower was =50% of the emergence flower length (4.5 cm). At flower emergence, the spathe, excluding the lobes, was =75% red. The lobes did not develop full redness until 7 to 10 days after emergence. Peduncle growth was sigmoidal with the maximum growth rate 21 days after emergence. Spathe growth is characterized by a double sigmoid curve. The young, growing, subtending leaf blade had a negative net photosynthetic rate. Removal of this leaf blade advanced flower emergence by 18 days. The soft green leaf (25 to 30 days after leaf emergence) had a slightly positive measured net photosynthetic rate, and the removal of this leaf resulted in flower emergence 11 days earlier. A mature subtending leaf had the highest measured net photosynthetic rate, and its removal had little effect on flower emergence. The subtending leaf acted as a source of nutrients required for the developing flower. Altering the source-sink relationship by leaf removal accelerated flower emergence, probably by reducing the slow growth phase of the flower.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
About 80 days before emergence the flower was about 0.3 cm long and enclosed by two tightly rolled stipules.
- Taxon
- Anthurium andraeanum
Anthurium andraeanume0 - Material
- Kaumanae0
- Organ / stage
- flowere1
- Outcome
- enclosed by two tightly rolled stipulese1
- Value
- =0.3 cme1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anthurium andraeanum Andre cv . Kaumana flower”
e1“Eighty days before emergence, the anthurium flower was =0.3 cm long, enclosed by two tightly rolled stipules at the base of the subtending leaf petiole”
Claim · model-written summary
During the rapid elongation stage of the leaf petiole the flower entered a slow growth period 40 to 60 days before emergence.
- Taxon
- Anthurium andraeanumAnthurium andraeanume0
- Organ / stage
- rapid elongation stage of the leaf petiolee2
- Outcome
- slow growthe2
- Value
- 40 to 60 dayse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anthurium andraeanum Andre cv . Kaumana flower”
e2“During the rapid elongation stage of the leaf petiole, the flower (0.8 to 1.0 cm long) entered a period of slow growth 40 to 60 days before flower emergence”
Claim · model-written summary
Spathe color development started about 28 days before emergence, when the flower was about 50% of emergence length.
- Taxon
- Anthurium andraeanumAnthurium andraeanume0
- Organ / stage
- spathee3
- Outcome
- Spathe color development startede3
- Value
- =28 dayse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anthurium andraeanum Andre cv . Kaumana flower”
e3“Spathe color development started =28 days before emergence when the flower was =50% of the emergence flower length (4.5 cm)”
Claim · model-written summary
At flower emergence the spathe, excluding the lobes, was about 75% red.
- Taxon
- Anthurium andraeanumAnthurium andraeanume0
- Organ / stage
- spathee4
- Outcome
- rede4
- Value
- =75%e4
- Qualifier
- excluding the lobese4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anthurium andraeanum Andre cv . Kaumana flower”
e4“At flower emergence, the spathe, excluding the lobes, was =75% red”
Claim · model-written summary
The lobes did not reach full redness until 7 to 10 days after emergence.
- Taxon
- Anthurium andraeanumAnthurium andraeanume0
- Organ / stage
- lobese5
- Outcome
- full rednesse5
- Value
- 7 to 10 days after emergencee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anthurium andraeanum Andre cv . Kaumana flower”
e5“The lobes did not develop full redness until 7 to 10 days after emergence”
Claim · model-written summary
Peduncle growth was sigmoidal with maximum growth rate 21 days after emergence.
- Taxon
- Anthurium andraeanumAnthurium andraeanume0
- Organ / stage
- Pedunclee6
- Outcome
- maximum growth ratee6
- Value
- 21 days after emergencee6
- Qualifier
- sigmoidale6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anthurium andraeanum Andre cv . Kaumana flower”
e6“Peduncle growth was sigmoidal with the maximum growth rate 21 days after emergence”
Claim · model-written summary
Spathe growth follows a double sigmoid curve.
- Taxon
- Anthurium andraeanumAnthurium andraeanume0
- Organ / stage
- Spathee7
- Outcome
- Spathe growthe7
- Qualifier
- double sigmoid curvee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anthurium andraeanum Andre cv . Kaumana flower”
e7“Spathe growth is characterized by a double sigmoid curve”
Claim · model-written summary
The young, growing subtending leaf blade had a negative net photosynthetic rate.
- Taxon
- Anthurium andraeanumAnthurium andraeanume0
- Organ / stage
- young, growing, subtending leaf bladee1
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic ratee1
- Qualifier
- negativee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anthurium andraeanum Andre cv . Kaumana flower”
e1“The young, growing, subtending leaf blade had a negative net photosynthetic rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Removing the young growing subtending leaf blade advanced flower emergence by 18 days.
- Taxon
- Anthurium andraeanumAnthurium andraeanume0
- Organ / stage
- leaf bladee1
- Treatment
- Removal of this leaf bladee1
- Outcome
- flower emergencee1
- Direction
- advancede1
- Value
- 18 dayse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anthurium andraeanum Andre cv . Kaumana flower”
e1“Removal of this leaf blade advanced flower emergence by 18 days”
Claim · model-written summary
Removing the soft green leaf (25 to 30 days old) advanced flower emergence by 11 days.
- Taxon
- Anthurium andraeanumAnthurium andraeanume0
- Organ / stage
- soft green leafe1
- Treatment
- the removal of this leafe1
- Outcome
- flower emergencee1
- Direction
- earliere1
- Value
- 11 dayse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anthurium andraeanum Andre cv . Kaumana flower”
e1“The soft green leaf (25 to 30 days after leaf emergence) had a slightly positive measured net photosynthetic rate, and the removal of this leaf resulted in flower emergence 11 days earlier”
Claim · model-written summary
Removing the mature subtending leaf had little effect on flower emergence.
- Taxon
- Anthurium andraeanumAnthurium andraeanume0
- Organ / stage
- mature subtending leafe1
- Treatment
- its removale1
- Outcome
- flower emergencee1
- Direction
- little effecte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anthurium andraeanum Andre cv . Kaumana flower”
e1“A mature subtending leaf had the highest measured net photosynthetic rate, and its removal had little effect on flower emergence”
Claim · model-written summary
The mature subtending leaf had the highest net photosynthetic rate.
- Taxon
- Anthurium andraeanumAnthurium andraeanume0
- Organ / stage
- mature subtending leafe1
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic ratee1
- Qualifier
- higheste1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anthurium andraeanum Andre cv . Kaumana flower”
e1“A mature subtending leaf had the highest measured net photosynthetic rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Flower growth resumed after the subtending leaf blade unfurled and had a positive photosynthetic rate.
- Taxon
- Anthurium andraeanumAnthurium andraeanume0
- Organ / stage
- subtending leaf bladee1
- Outcome
- flower growth resumede1
- Qualifier
- positive photosynthetic ratee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anthurium andraeanum Andre cv . Kaumana flower”
e1“After the subtending leaf blade unfurled and had a positive photosynthetic rate, flower growth resumed”
Claim · model-written summary
The subtending leaf appears to supply nutrients needed by the developing flower.
- Taxon
- Anthurium andraeanumAnthurium andraeanume0
- Organ / stage
- subtending leafe1
- Outcome
- developing flowere1
- Qualifier
- a source of nutrientse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anthurium andraeanum Andre cv . Kaumana flower”
e1“The subtending leaf acted as a source of nutrients required for the developing flower”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf removal accelerated flower emergence, probably by shortening the slow growth phase of the flower.
- Taxon
- Anthurium andraeanumAnthurium andraeanume0
- Treatment
- leaf removale1
- Outcome
- flower emergencee1
- Qualifier
- probably by reducing the slow growth phase of the flowere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anthurium andraeanum Andre cv . Kaumana flower”
e1“Altering the source-sink relationship by leaf removal accelerated flower emergence, probably by reducing the slow growth phase of the flower”