Abstract
ABSTRACT A better understanding of how maize responds to nitrogen (N) supply is required for both economic and environmental purposes. Contrasting genotypes are indispensable for genetic and physiological studies of any trait, and the identification of the response of a range of lines of maize to two N level, was the aim of this work. One S4 and seven S5 lines, originating from two commercial hybrids, were studied for agronomic traits related to nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE). Two field experiments with two levels of N (10 and 110 Kg N/ha in 2000 and 10 and 130 Kg N/ha in 2001) were carried out. In the first experiment, in which the lines 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 13, and 17 were tested, the N supplied appeared to be excessive because the maize controls and most of the lines did not show an increase in grain yield at the high N level when compared with the low-N treatment in this experiment. The high N level increased the grain yield only in line 2, decreased grain yield in line 13, but increased the chlorophyll content in all lines except line 3. The second experiment, in which the lines 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 10 were tested, showed a severe N deficiency because the maize controls and most of the lines exhibited reduction in grain yield at the low N level when compared with the high-N treatment in this experiment. This severe N deficiency caused a reduction in grain yield in lines 2, 3, 5, and 10, prolificacy (ears plant− 1) in lines 2, 3, 4,and 5, grain N content in all lines (except line 10), and total plant N in lines 2, 3, and 5. On the other hand, this severe N deficiency also caused an increase in 100-kernel weight in line 2 and anthesis-silking in lines 3 and 5. The interactive behavior of all the traits cited indicates that they have different genetic controls at each N level. The existence of genotype-environment interaction may mean that the best genotype at a low N level is not the best at a high N level, and that the physiological mechanisms as well the genes required for high performance are to some extent different. These results also demonstrate that the response to N of these traits is under separate controls for each one, because they did not exhibit consistency in the lines tested. The correlations indicated that the anthesis-silking interval and prolificacy were associated more with grain yield at low-N availability, supporting the idea that these traits can be used to select maize tolerant to low-N soils. The contrasting responses to N availability indicate that these lines are important plant materials for use in further studies of NUE.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
At high nitrogen, grain yield did not increase in maize controls and most lines in the first experiment.
- Treatment
- high N levele0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- did not show an increasee0
- Comparator
- low-N treatmente0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“the maize controls and most of the lines did not show an increase in grain yield at the high N level when compared with the low-N treatment in this experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen increased grain yield in line 2.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“The high N level increased the grain yield only in line 2, decreased grain yield in line 13, but increased the chlorophyll content in all lines except line 3”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen decreased grain yield in line 13.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“The high N level increased the grain yield only in line 2, decreased grain yield in line 13, but increased the chlorophyll content in all lines except line 3”
Claim · model-written summary
High nitrogen increased chlorophyll content in all lines except line 3.
- Material
- all lines except line 3e0
- Treatment
- high N levele0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“The high N level increased the grain yield only in line 2, decreased grain yield in line 13, but increased the chlorophyll content in all lines except line 3”
Claim · model-written summary
Low nitrogen reduced grain yield in maize controls and most lines in the second experiment.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“the maize controls and most of the lines exhibited reduction in grain yield at the low N level when compared with the high-N treatment in this experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe nitrogen deficiency reduced grain yield in lines 2, 3, 5 and 10.
- Material
- lines 2, 3, 5, and 10e0
- Treatment
- severe N deficiencye0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“This severe N deficiency caused a reduction in grain yield in lines 2, 3, 5, and 10, prolificacy (ears plant− 1) in lines 2, 3, 4,and 5, grain N content in all lines (except line 10), and total plant N in lines 2, 3, and 5”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe nitrogen deficiency reduced prolificacy in lines 2, 3, 4 and 5.
- Material
- lines 2, 3, 4,and 5e0
- Treatment
- severe N deficiencye0
- Outcome
- prolificacy (ears plant− 1)e0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“This severe N deficiency caused a reduction in grain yield in lines 2, 3, 5, and 10, prolificacy (ears plant− 1) in lines 2, 3, 4,and 5, grain N content in all lines (except line 10), and total plant N in lines 2, 3, and 5”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe nitrogen deficiency reduced grain nitrogen content in all lines except line 10.
- Material
- all lines (except line 10)e0
- Treatment
- severe N deficiencye0
- Outcome
- grain N contente0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“This severe N deficiency caused a reduction in grain yield in lines 2, 3, 5, and 10, prolificacy (ears plant− 1) in lines 2, 3, 4,and 5, grain N content in all lines (except line 10), and total plant N in lines 2, 3, and 5”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe nitrogen deficiency reduced total plant nitrogen in lines 2, 3 and 5.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“This severe N deficiency caused a reduction in grain yield in lines 2, 3, 5, and 10, prolificacy (ears plant− 1) in lines 2, 3, 4,and 5, grain N content in all lines (except line 10), and total plant N in lines 2, 3, and 5”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe nitrogen deficiency increased 100-kernel weight in line 2.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“this severe N deficiency also caused an increase in 100-kernel weight in line 2 and anthesis-silking in lines 3 and 5”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe nitrogen deficiency increased anthesis-silking in lines 3 and 5.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“this severe N deficiency also caused an increase in 100-kernel weight in line 2 and anthesis-silking in lines 3 and 5”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors interpret the trait interactions as indicating different genetic controls at each nitrogen level.
- Outcome
- different genetic controls at each N levele0
- Qualifier
- interactive behavior of all the traits citede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“The interactive behavior of all the traits cited indicates that they have different genetic controls at each N level”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that the best genotype at low nitrogen may differ from the best at high nitrogen.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“The existence of genotype-environment interaction may mean that the best genotype at a low N level is not the best at a high N level”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that physiological mechanisms and genes for high performance differ by nitrogen level.
- Outcome
- high performancee0
- Qualifier
- physiological mechanisms as well the genes required for high performance are to some extent differente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“the physiological mechanisms as well the genes required for high performance are to some extent different”
Claim · model-written summary
Trait responses to nitrogen lacked consistency across lines, indicating separate control of each response.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“the response to N of these traits is under separate controls for each one, because they did not exhibit consistency in the lines tested”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthesis-silking interval was more associated with grain yield at low nitrogen.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“The correlations indicated that the anthesis-silking interval and prolificacy were associated more with grain yield at low-N availability”
Claim · model-written summary
Prolificacy was more associated with grain yield at low nitrogen.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“The correlations indicated that the anthesis-silking interval and prolificacy were associated more with grain yield at low-N availability”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest using anthesis-silking interval and prolificacy to select maize tolerant to low-nitrogen soils.
- Outcome
- select maize tolerant to low-N soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“these traits can be used to select maize tolerant to low-N soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Contrasting nitrogen responses make these lines useful for further nitrogen-use efficiency studies.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Maize”
e0“The contrasting responses to N availability indicate that these lines are important plant materials for use in further studies of NUE”
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