Abstract
Abstract Bone char is a potential clean and renewable P fertilizer with Cd‐immobilization capabilities, but the P–Cd interactions in cropping of vegetable, grain, and tuber crops are unknown. In the present pot experiment bone char was evaluated on its effect on the growth and P supply of various crops (lettuce, wheat, potatoes) as well as its capability to reduce the uptake of Cd from a moderately Cd‐contaminated and P‐deficient soil (soil 1) and a highly Cd‐contaminated soil with sufficient P supply (soil 2). When averaging the dry‐matter yield over the treatments for each crop for the P‐sufficient soil 1, the following order was obtained: triple superphosphate (TSP) > diammonium phosphate (DAP) > BC, whereas for the soil 2 with sufficient P supply it was inverted with BC > DAP > TSP. The P‐deficiency resulted in a more pronounced effect of TSP and DAP on the plant growth, whereas P sufficiency in the soil promoted a crop‐quality‐enhancing effect of bone char. The Cd concentration in the consumption‐relevant plant parts was mostly insignificantly affected by treatments; however, the total Cd concentration in the whole plants tended to decrease with fertilizer addition for all crops in soil 1 even at very low bone‐char application levels. Similar results were obtained for soil 2 with an exception for the Cd concentration in potatoes, as the total Cd concentration was significantly increased in the TSP and DAP treatments. This most likely results from the introduction of Cd with TSP and DAP as they contained ≈ 27–28 mg Cd kg –1 . Thus, this study demonstrated the potential of bone char as a clean P fertilizer, which can efficiently decrease the Cd contamination of potato on contaminated soils.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
In soil 1, dry matter yield ranked TSP above DAP above bone char across the crops.
- Taxon
- lettuce, wheat, potatoes
Solanum tuberosum
Lactuca sativa
Triticum aestivume1 - Treatment
- triple superphosphate (TSP)e0
- Outcome
- dry‐matter yielde0
- Direction
- >e0
- Comparator
- diammonium phosphate (DAP)e0
- Setting
- soil 1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry‐matter yield over the treatments for each crop for the P‐sufficient soil 1, the following order was obtained: triple superphosphate (TSP) > diammonium phosphate (DAP) > BC”
e1“various crops (lettuce, wheat, potatoes)”
Claim · model-written summary
In soil 2, dry matter yield ranked bone char above DAP above TSP.
- Taxon
- lettuce, wheat, potatoesSolanum tuberosumLactuca sativaTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- BCe0
- Outcome
- dry‐matter yielde1
- Direction
- >e0
- Comparator
- DAPe0
- Setting
- soil 2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for the soil 2 with sufficient P supply it was inverted with BC > DAP > TSP”
e1“dry‐matter yield over the treatments for each crop”
e2“various crops (lettuce, wheat, potatoes)”
Claim · model-written summary
P deficiency increased the growth benefit of TSP and DAP.
- Taxon
- lettuce, wheat, potatoesSolanum tuberosumLactuca sativaTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- TSP and DAPe0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- more pronouncede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The P‐deficiency resulted in a more pronounced effect of TSP and DAP on the plant growth”
e1“various crops (lettuce, wheat, potatoes)”
Claim · model-written summary
P sufficiency promoted the crop quality benefit of bone char.
- Taxon
- lettuce, wheat, potatoesSolanum tuberosumLactuca sativaTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- bone chare0
- Outcome
- crop‐quality‐enhancing effecte0
- Direction
- promotede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P sufficiency in the soil promoted a crop‐quality‐enhancing effect of bone char”
e1“various crops (lettuce, wheat, potatoes)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer treatments mostly did not significantly change cadmium concentration in edible plant parts.
- Taxon
- lettuce, wheat, potatoesSolanum tuberosumLactuca sativaTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Cd concentration in the consumption‐relevant plant partse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Cd concentration in the consumption‐relevant plant parts was mostly insignificantly affected by treatments”
e1“various crops (lettuce, wheat, potatoes)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer addition tended to decrease whole-plant cadmium concentration in soil 1 across the crops.
- Taxon
- lettuce, wheat, potatoesSolanum tuberosumLactuca sativaTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- fertilizer additione0
- Outcome
- total Cd concentration in the whole plantse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- tendede0
- Setting
- soil 1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the total Cd concentration in the whole plants tended to decrease with fertilizer addition for all crops in soil 1 even at very low bone‐char application levels”
e1“various crops (lettuce, wheat, potatoes)”
Claim · model-written summary
TSP and DAP significantly increased total cadmium concentration in potatoes in soil 2.
- Taxon
- potatoesSolanum tuberosume0
- Treatment
- TSP and DAPe0
- Outcome
- total Cd concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- soil 2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similar results were obtained for soil 2 with an exception for the Cd concentration in potatoes, as the total Cd concentration was significantly increased in the TSP and DAP treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Bone char can reduce cadmium contamination of potatoes on contaminated soils.
- Taxon
- potatoSolanum tuberosume0
- Treatment
- bone chare0
- Outcome
- Cd contamination of potatoe0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Setting
- contaminated soilse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bone char as a clean P fertilizer, which can efficiently decrease the Cd contamination of potato on contaminated soils”
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