Abstract
Tomato plants ( Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Durinta) were grown in an open soilless system to evaluate the effects of sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration in the nutrient solution on the ion compositions in plant tissues. The treatments were defined by a factorial combination of five NaCl concentrations and three leaves position/age and two fruits' position. Seedlings were transplanted in perlite and, 7 days after transplanting, five salinity treatments were imposed by adding 7, 21, 37, 49, or 64 m m of NaCl to the nutrient solutions; the final electrical conductivities were: 2.7, 4.5, 6.0, 7.5, and 8.6 dS·m −1 , respectively. Increased salinity in the nutrient solution resulted in a reduction in tomato dry matter (from 534 to 375 g per plant) and in a linear increase in sodium (from 0.37% to 1.39%) and chloride (from 1.75% to 5.73%) in the leaves as well as in the fruit tissues (from 0.08% to 0.26% for sodium and from 0.63% to 1.34% for chloride). Leaf under the first cluster showed higher levels of sodium (+54%) and chloride (+32%) than leaf under the fifth cluster and old leaf accumulated more sodium (+15%) and chloride (+25%) than younger ones. The exposure of the tomato plants to increasing salinity resulted in a linear decline in nitrate (from 1.21% to 0.50%), total nitrogen (from 3.31% to 3.03%), sulphate (from 3.71% to 3.12%), and potassium leaves (from 2.76% to 1.51%); the potassium reduction was more evident in younger leaves than in older ones. All macronutrients, except calcium, decreased in the fruit tissues with increasing NaCl concentration in the nutrient solution. However, for phosphate, the reduction of the ion concentration was evident only in the fruit from the fifth cluster (–35%). The position of the fruit on the plant significantly affected the concentration of ion, which was higher for all determined ions in the fruit of the first truss. The levels of Na + and Cl – found in the plant tissue seem to confirm the hypothesis that the plant dry biomass reduction may also be traced to the toxicity of these ions as a consequence of this high concentration. On the other hand, although generally influenced by antagonism with sodium and chloride, the amount of main macronutrients did not reach deficiency levels that influenced the growth processes, except in the case of potassium.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity reduced tomato dry matter from 534 to 375 g per plant.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- Increased salinitye0
- Outcome
- tomato dry mattere0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- from 534 to 375 g per plante0
- Comparator
- 7e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increased salinity in the nutrient solution resulted in a reduction in tomato dry matter (from 534 to 375 g per plant)”
e1“five salinity treatments were imposed by adding 7, 21, 37, 49, or 64 m m of NaCl to the nutrient solutions”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity raised leaf sodium from 0.37% to 1.39%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Increased salinitye1
- Outcome
- sodiume0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- from 0.37% to 1.39%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“linear increase in sodium (from 0.37% to 1.39%) and chloride (from 1.75% to 5.73%) in the leaves”
e1“Increased salinity in the nutrient solution”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity raised leaf chloride from 1.75% to 5.73%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- Increased salinitye1
- Outcome
- chloridee0
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- from 1.75% to 5.73%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chloride (from 1.75% to 5.73%) in the leaves”
e1“Increased salinity in the nutrient solution resulted in a reduction in tomato dry matter (from 534 to 375 g per plant) and in a linear increase in sodium (from 0.37% to 1.39%) and chloride”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity raised fruit sodium from 0.08% to 0.26%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- fruit tissuese0
- Treatment
- Increased salinitye1
- Outcome
- sodiume1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- from 0.08% to 0.26%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fruit tissues (from 0.08% to 0.26% for sodium and from 0.63% to 1.34% for chloride)”
e1“Increased salinity in the nutrient solution resulted in a reduction in tomato dry matter (from 534 to 375 g per plant) and in a linear increase in sodium”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity raised fruit chloride from 0.63% to 1.34%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- fruit tissuese0
- Treatment
- Increased salinitye2
- Outcome
- chloridee0
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- from 0.63% to 1.34%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fruit tissues (from 0.08% to 0.26% for sodium and from 0.63% to 1.34% for chloride)”
e1“linear increase in sodium (from 0.37% to 1.39%) and chloride”
e2“Increased salinity in the nutrient solution”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
First cluster leaves had 54% more sodium than fifth cluster leaves.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- Leaf under the first clustere0
- Outcome
- sodiume0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- +54%e0
- Comparator
- leaf under the fifth clustere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf under the first cluster showed higher levels of sodium (+54%) and chloride (+32%) than leaf under the fifth cluster”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
First cluster leaves had 32% more chloride than fifth cluster leaves.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- Leaf under the first clustere0
- Outcome
- chloridee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- +32%e0
- Comparator
- leaf under the fifth clustere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf under the first cluster showed higher levels of sodium (+54%) and chloride (+32%) than leaf under the fifth cluster”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Old leaves accumulated 15% more sodium than younger leaves.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- old leafe0
- Outcome
- sodiume0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- +15%e0
- Comparator
- younger onese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“old leaf accumulated more sodium (+15%) and chloride (+25%) than younger ones”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Old leaves accumulated 25% more chloride than younger leaves.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- old leafe0
- Outcome
- chloridee0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- +25%e0
- Comparator
- younger onese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“old leaf accumulated more sodium (+15%) and chloride (+25%) than younger ones”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity lowered leaf nitrate from 1.21% to 0.50%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- increasing salinitye0
- Outcome
- nitratee0
- Direction
- declinee0
- Value
- from 1.21% to 0.50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing salinity resulted in a linear decline in nitrate (from 1.21% to 0.50%), total nitrogen (from 3.31% to 3.03%), sulphate (from 3.71% to 3.12%), and potassium leaves (from 2.76% to 1.51%)”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity lowered leaf total nitrogen from 3.31% to 3.03%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- increasing salinitye0
- Outcome
- total nitrogene0
- Direction
- declinee0
- Value
- from 3.31% to 3.03%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing salinity resulted in a linear decline in nitrate (from 1.21% to 0.50%), total nitrogen (from 3.31% to 3.03%), sulphate (from 3.71% to 3.12%), and potassium leaves (from 2.76% to 1.51%)”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity lowered leaf sulphate from 3.71% to 3.12%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- increasing salinitye0
- Outcome
- sulphatee0
- Direction
- declinee0
- Value
- from 3.71% to 3.12%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing salinity resulted in a linear decline in nitrate (from 1.21% to 0.50%), total nitrogen (from 3.31% to 3.03%), sulphate (from 3.71% to 3.12%), and potassium leaves (from 2.76% to 1.51%)”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity lowered leaf potassium from 2.76% to 1.51%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- increasing salinitye0
- Outcome
- potassiume0
- Direction
- declinee0
- Value
- from 2.76% to 1.51%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing salinity resulted in a linear decline in nitrate (from 1.21% to 0.50%), total nitrogen (from 3.31% to 3.03%), sulphate (from 3.71% to 3.12%), and potassium leaves (from 2.76% to 1.51%)”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium reduction was more evident in younger than older leaves.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- younger leavese0
- Outcome
- potassium reductione0
- Direction
- more evidente0
- Comparator
- older onese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“potassium reduction was more evident in younger leaves than in older ones”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing NaCl decreased fruit macronutrients other than calcium.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- fruit tissuese0
- Treatment
- increasing NaCl concentratione0
- Outcome
- macronutrientse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- except calciume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All macronutrients, except calcium, decreased in the fruit tissues with increasing NaCl concentration in the nutrient solution”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit phosphate fell 35% only in the fifth cluster.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- fruit from the fifth clustere0
- Treatment
- increasing NaCl concentratione1
- Outcome
- phosphatee0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- –35%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for phosphate, the reduction of the ion concentration was evident only in the fruit from the fifth cluster (–35%)”
e1“increasing NaCl concentration in the nutrient solution”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
First truss fruit had higher concentrations of all measured ions.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- fruit of the first trusse0
- Outcome
- all determined ionse0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher for all determined ions in the fruit of the first truss”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attributed tomato biomass reduction partly to sodium and chloride toxicity.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Compound
- Na + and Cl –e1
- Outcome
- plant dry biomass reductione0
- Qualifier
- may also be traced to the toxicity of these ionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant dry biomass reduction may also be traced to the toxicity of these ions as a consequence of this high concentration”
e1“The levels of Na + and Cl – found in the plant tissue”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Macronutrients generally stayed above growth limiting deficiency levels except potassium.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- did not reach deficiency levelse0
- Qualifier
- except in the case of potassiume0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the amount of main macronutrients did not reach deficiency levels that influenced the growth processes, except in the case of potassium”
t0“Tomato”
The same questions in other papers
salinity · growth · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
260 papers in the same direction as this paper · 39 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- negative
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See all 300 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.