Abstract
Cladosporium fulvum (syn. Passalora fulva) is a biotrophic fungal pathogen that causes leaf mold of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). During growth in the apoplast, the fungus establishes disease by secreting effector proteins, 10 of which have been characterized. We have previously shown that the Avr2 effector interacts with the apoplastic tomato Cys protease Rcr3, which is required for Cf-2-mediated immunity. We now show that Avr2 is a genuine virulence factor of C. fulvum. Heterologous expression of Avr2 in Arabidopsis thaliana causes enhanced susceptibility toward extracellular fungal pathogens, including Botrytis cinerea and Verticillium dahliae, and microarray analysis showed that Avr2 expression triggers a global transcriptome reflecting pathogen challenge. Cys protease activity profiling showed that Avr2 inhibits multiple extracellular Arabidopsis Cys proteases. In tomato, Avr2 expression caused enhanced susceptibility toward Avr2-defective C. fulvum strains and also toward B. cinerea and V. dahliae. Cys protease activity profiling in tomato revealed that, in this plant also, Avr2 inhibits multiple extracellular Cys proteases, including Rcr3 and its close relative Pip1. Finally, silencing of Avr2 significantly compromised C. fulvum virulence on tomato. We conclude that Avr2 is a genuine virulence factor of C. fulvum that inhibits several Cys proteases required for plant basal defense.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Heterologous expression of Avr2 in Arabidopsis thaliana enhanced susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea and Verticillium dahliae.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae1 - Treatment
- Heterologous expression of Avr2e1
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinerea
Botrytis cinereae1pathogen - Second interactor
- Verticillium dahliae
Verticillium dahliaee1pathogen - Outcome
- susceptibility toward extracellular fungal pathogense1
- Direction
- enhancede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Heterologous expression of Avr2 in Arabidopsis thaliana causes enhanced susceptibility toward extracellular fungal pathogens, including Botrytis cinerea and Verticillium dahliae”
Claim · model-written summary
Avr2 expression in Arabidopsis thaliana triggered a global transcriptome reflecting pathogen challenge.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae2
- Treatment
- Avr2 expressione2
- Outcome
- global transcriptomee2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Heterologous expression of Avr2 in Arabidopsis thaliana causes enhanced susceptibility toward extracellular fungal pathogens, including Botrytis cinerea and Verticillium dahliae, and microarray analysis showed that Avr2 expression triggers a global transcriptome reflecting pathogen challenge”
Claim · model-written summary
Avr2 inhibited multiple extracellular Cys proteases of Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise3
- Treatment
- Avr2e3
- Gene
- Cys proteasese3
- Outcome
- Cys protease activitye3
- Direction
- inhibitse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Cys protease activity profiling showed that Avr2 inhibits multiple extracellular Arabidopsis Cys proteases”
Claim · model-written summary
In tomato, Avr2 expression enhanced susceptibility to Avr2-defective C. fulvum strains, B. cinerea and V. dahliae.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume4 - Treatment
- Avr2 expressione4
- Interactor
- C. fulvum
Fulvia fulvae4pathogen - Second interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae4pathogen
- Outcome
- susceptibility toward Avr2-defective C. fulvum strainse4
- Direction
- enhancede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“In tomato, Avr2 expression caused enhanced susceptibility toward Avr2-defective C. fulvum strains and also toward B. cinerea and V. dahliae”
Claim · model-written summary
In tomato, Avr2 inhibited multiple extracellular Cys proteases, including Rcr3 and Pip1.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume5
- Treatment
- Avr2e5
- Gene
- Rcr3e5
- Outcome
- extracellular Cys proteasese5
- Direction
- inhibitse5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Cys protease activity profiling in tomato revealed that, in this plant also, Avr2 inhibits multiple extracellular Cys proteases, including Rcr3 and its close relative Pip1”
Claim · model-written summary
Silencing of Avr2 significantly compromised C. fulvum virulence on tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume6
- Treatment
- silencing of Avr2e6
- Interactor
- C. fulvumFulvia fulvae6pathogen
- Outcome
- C. fulvum virulencee6
- Direction
- compromisede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Finally, silencing of Avr2 significantly compromised C. fulvum virulence on tomato”
The same questions in other papers
overexpression · Botrytis cinerea · Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
loss of function · Fulvia fulva · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 10 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- negative
9 papers more in this group
See all 13 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.