Abstract
Spermidine (Spd) may be involved in the regulation of plant adaptation to drought stress. The objectives of the study were to identify the physiological effect and elucidate the possible mechanism caused by exogenous Spd (0.05 mM) in white clover under water stress induced by 20% polyethylene glycol 6000 for 12 days. Water stress elevated significantly the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and malonaldehyde, and resulted in the decrease of cell membrane stability, relative water content and relative growth mte. Spd effectively alleviated the damage effect from water stress. Spd-treated plants showed a promoted the ascorbate-glutathione cycle and maintained greater antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase), as well as higher transcript level of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes than untreated plants. Additionally, the plants treated with Spd under water stress exhibited more accumulated organic solutes including soluble sugar, reducing sugar, betaine and free proline. Spd also accelemted proline catabolism and biosynthesis proceeding from glutamate pathway during water stress, but had no effect on the omithine pathway of proline biosynthesis. These results suggest that exogenous Spd under water stress may directly or indirectly regulate antioxidant defense system, organic solutes accumulation and proline metabolism.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress increased reactive oxygen species and malonaldehyde accumulation.
- Taxon
- white clover
Trifolium repenst0 - Treatment
- Water stresse0
- Outcome
- accumulation of reactive oxygen species and malonaldehydee0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water stress elevated significantly the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and malonaldehyde”
t0“white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress decreased membrane stability, relative water content, and relative growth rate.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- Water stresse0
- Outcome
- cell membrane stability, relative water content and relative growth mtee0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water stress elevated significantly the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and malonaldehyde, and resulted in the decrease of cell membrane stability, relative water content and relative growth mte”
t0“white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine alleviated water-stress damage.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- Spde0
- Outcome
- damage effect from water stresse0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spd effectively alleviated the damage effect from water stress.”
t0“white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine promoted the ascorbate-glutathione cycle.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- Spd-treatede0
- Outcome
- ascorbate-glutathione cyclee0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spd-treated plants showed a promoted the ascorbate-glutathione cycle”
t0“white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine-treated plants maintained greater antioxidant enzyme activities than untreated plants.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- Spd-treatede0
- Gene
- superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalasee0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spd-treated plants showed a promoted the ascorbate-glutathione cycle and maintained greater antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase), as well as higher transcript level of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes than untreated plants.”
t0“white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine-treated plants had higher transcript levels of antioxidant-enzyme genes than untreated plants.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- Spd-treatede0
- Gene
- genes encoding antioxidant enzymese0
- Outcome
- transcript level of genes encoding antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spd-treated plants showed a promoted the ascorbate-glutathione cycle and maintained greater antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase), as well as higher transcript level of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes than untreated plants.”
t0“white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water stress, spermidine-treated plants accumulated more soluble sugar, reducing sugar, and betaine.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- treated with Spde0
- Outcome
- more accumulated organic solutes including soluble sugar, reducing sugar, betainee0
- Direction
- more accumulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the plants treated with Spd under water stress exhibited more accumulated organic solutes including soluble sugar, reducing sugar, betaine and free proline.”
t0“white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water stress, spermidine-treated plants accumulated more free proline.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- treated with Spde0
- Outcome
- free prolinee0
- Direction
- more accumulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the plants treated with Spd under water stress exhibited more accumulated organic solutes including soluble sugar, reducing sugar, betaine and free proline.”
t0“white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine accelerated proline catabolism under water stress.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- Spde0
- Outcome
- proline catabolisme0
- Direction
- accelemtede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spd also accelemted proline catabolism and biosynthesis proceeding from glutamate pathway during water stress”
t0“white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine accelerated proline biosynthesis through the glutamate pathway under water stress.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- Spde0
- Outcome
- biosynthesis proceeding from glutamate pathwaye0
- Direction
- accelemtede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spd also accelemted proline catabolism and biosynthesis proceeding from glutamate pathway during water stress”
t0“white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine had no effect on the ornithine pathway of proline biosynthesis.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- Spde0
- Outcome
- omithine pathway of proline biosynthesise0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spd also accelemted proline catabolism and biosynthesis proceeding from glutamate pathway during water stress, but had no effect on the omithine pathway of proline biosynthesis.”
t0“white clover”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest spermidine may regulate antioxidant defense, organic solute accumulation, and proline metabolism under water stress.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repenst0
- Treatment
- exogenous Spde0
- Outcome
- antioxidant defense system, organic solutes accumulation and proline metabolisme0
- Qualifier
- may directly or indirectlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These results suggest that exogenous Spd under water stress may directly or indirectly regulate antioxidant defense system, organic solutes accumulation and proline metabolism.”
t0“white clover”
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