Abstract
Abstract Weeds are considered the most important pest group for farmers interested in lowering external inputs and avoiding synthetic chemical use. Corn gluten meal (CGM) is a natural preemergence weed control used in turfgrass, which reduces germination of many broadleaf and grass weeds. The objective of this study was to investigate weed cover and vegetable seedling survival in field plots when CGM is incorporated before planting. Three studies were conducted, with three replications for each study. Five rates of powdered CGM (0,100, 200, 300, and 400 g m –2 ) were weighed and incorporated into the top 5–8 cm of soil in recently disked 1.5-m by 2.7-m plots. Seeds of eight vegetables were each planted in rows 1.4 m long and 0.3 m apart. Seedling survival and percentage of weed cover were recorded for each plot. Corn gluten meal at rates of 100, 200, 300, and 400 g m –2 reduced mean weed cover by 50, 74, 84, and 82%, respectively, compared with the control. Seedling survival at 100 g CGM per m 2 was reduced by 67% for ‘Comanche’ onion, 35% for ‘Ruby Queen’ beet, 41% for ‘Red Baron’ radish, 71% for ‘Provider’ bean, 73% for ‘Scarlet Nantes’ carrot, 59% for ‘Maestro’ pea, and 68% for ‘Black Seeded Simpson’ lettuce, compared with the control. Seedling survival for ‘Daybreak’ sweet corn was not reduced by rates of 100 or 200 g CGM per m 2 , but was reduced by 26% at a rate of 300 g CGM per m 2 compared with the control. Because of the reduction in seedling survival at even the lowest rate of CGM (100 g m –2 ), direct seeding of these vegetables into soil into which CGM has been incorporated is not advisable. Using transplants may be an alternative that takes advantage of the herbicidal effects of CGM and the nitrogen it provides.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
CGM at 100 g m –2 reduced mean weed cover by 50%.
Verbatim
e0“Corn gluten meal at rates of 100, 200, 300, and 400 g m –2 reduced mean weed cover by 50, 74, 84, and 82%, respectively, compared with the control.”
t0“vegetable seedling survival”
Claim · model-written summary
CGM at 200 g m –2 reduced mean weed cover by 74%.
Verbatim
e0“Corn gluten meal at rates of 100, 200, 300, and 400 g m –2 reduced mean weed cover by 50, 74, 84, and 82%, respectively, compared with the control.”
t0“vegetable seedling survival”
Claim · model-written summary
CGM at 300 g m –2 reduced mean weed cover by 84%.
Verbatim
e0“Corn gluten meal at rates of 100, 200, 300, and 400 g m –2 reduced mean weed cover by 50, 74, 84, and 82%, respectively, compared with the control.”
t0“vegetable seedling survival”
Claim · model-written summary
CGM at 400 g m –2 reduced mean weed cover by 82%%.
Verbatim
e0“Corn gluten meal at rates of 100, 200, 300, and 400 g m –2 reduced mean weed cover by 50, 74, 84, and 82%, respectively, compared with the control.”
t0“vegetable seedling survival”
Claim · model-written summary
At 100 g CGM per m 2, Comanche onion survival fell 67%.
- Taxon
- onion
Allium cepae0 - Material
- ‘Comanche’e0
- Treatment
- 100 g CGM per m 2e0
- Outcome
- Seedling survivale0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 67%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedling survival at 100 g CGM per m 2 was reduced by 67% for ‘Comanche’ onion, 35% for ‘Ruby Queen’ beet, 41% for ‘Red Baron’ radish, 71% for ‘Provider’ bean, 73% for ‘Scarlet Nantes’ carrot, 59% for ‘Maestro’ pea, and 68% for ‘Black Seeded Simpson’ lettuce, compared with the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 100 g CGM per m 2, Ruby Queen beet survival fell 35%.
- Taxon
- beet
Beta vulgarise0 - Material
- ‘Ruby Queen’e0
- Treatment
- 100 g CGM per m 2e0
- Outcome
- Seedling survivale0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 35%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedling survival at 100 g CGM per m 2 was reduced by 67% for ‘Comanche’ onion, 35% for ‘Ruby Queen’ beet, 41% for ‘Red Baron’ radish, 71% for ‘Provider’ bean, 73% for ‘Scarlet Nantes’ carrot, 59% for ‘Maestro’ pea, and 68% for ‘Black Seeded Simpson’ lettuce, compared with the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 100 g CGM per m 2, Red Baron radish survival fell 41%.
- Taxon
- radish
Raphanus sativuse0 - Material
- ‘Red Baron’e0
- Treatment
- 100 g CGM per m 2e0
- Outcome
- Seedling survivale0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 41%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedling survival at 100 g CGM per m 2 was reduced by 67% for ‘Comanche’ onion, 35% for ‘Ruby Queen’ beet, 41% for ‘Red Baron’ radish, 71% for ‘Provider’ bean, 73% for ‘Scarlet Nantes’ carrot, 59% for ‘Maestro’ pea, and 68% for ‘Black Seeded Simpson’ lettuce, compared with the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 100 g CGM per m 2, Provider bean survival fell 71%.
Verbatim
e0“Seedling survival at 100 g CGM per m 2 was reduced by 67% for ‘Comanche’ onion, 35% for ‘Ruby Queen’ beet, 41% for ‘Red Baron’ radish, 71% for ‘Provider’ bean, 73% for ‘Scarlet Nantes’ carrot, 59% for ‘Maestro’ pea, and 68% for ‘Black Seeded Simpson’ lettuce, compared with the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 100 g CGM per m 2, Scarlet Nantes carrot survival fell 73%.
- Taxon
- carrot
Daucus carotae0 - Material
- ‘Scarlet Nantes’e0
- Treatment
- 100 g CGM per m 2e0
- Outcome
- Seedling survivale0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 73%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedling survival at 100 g CGM per m 2 was reduced by 67% for ‘Comanche’ onion, 35% for ‘Ruby Queen’ beet, 41% for ‘Red Baron’ radish, 71% for ‘Provider’ bean, 73% for ‘Scarlet Nantes’ carrot, 59% for ‘Maestro’ pea, and 68% for ‘Black Seeded Simpson’ lettuce, compared with the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 100 g CGM per m 2, Maestro pea survival fell 59%.
- Taxon
- pea
Lathyrus oleraceuse0 - Material
- ‘Maestro’e0
- Treatment
- 100 g CGM per m 2e0
- Outcome
- Seedling survivale0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 59%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedling survival at 100 g CGM per m 2 was reduced by 67% for ‘Comanche’ onion, 35% for ‘Ruby Queen’ beet, 41% for ‘Red Baron’ radish, 71% for ‘Provider’ bean, 73% for ‘Scarlet Nantes’ carrot, 59% for ‘Maestro’ pea, and 68% for ‘Black Seeded Simpson’ lettuce, compared with the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 100 g CGM per m 2, Black Seeded Simpson lettuce survival fell 68%.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativae0 - Material
- ‘Black Seeded Simpson’e0
- Treatment
- 100 g CGM per m 2e0
- Outcome
- Seedling survivale0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 68%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedling survival at 100 g CGM per m 2 was reduced by 67% for ‘Comanche’ onion, 35% for ‘Ruby Queen’ beet, 41% for ‘Red Baron’ radish, 71% for ‘Provider’ bean, 73% for ‘Scarlet Nantes’ carrot, 59% for ‘Maestro’ pea, and 68% for ‘Black Seeded Simpson’ lettuce, compared with the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Daybreak sweet corn survival was not reduced at 100 or 200 g CGM per m 2.
Verbatim
e0“Seedling survival for ‘Daybreak’ sweet corn was not reduced by rates of 100 or 200 g CGM per m 2 , but was reduced by 26% at a rate of 300 g CGM per m 2 compared with the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Daybreak sweet corn survival fell 26% at 300 g CGM per m 2.
Verbatim
e0“Seedling survival for ‘Daybreak’ sweet corn was not reduced by rates of 100 or 200 g CGM per m 2 , but was reduced by 26% at a rate of 300 g CGM per m 2 compared with the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors advise against direct seeding vegetables into CGM-incorporated soil.
Verbatim
e0“direct seeding of these vegetables into soil into which CGM has been incorporated is not advisable.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose transplants as an alternative that uses CGM herbicidal and nitrogen effects.
Verbatim
e0“Using transplants may be an alternative that takes advantage of the herbicidal effects of CGM and the nitrogen it provides.”
t0“vegetable seedling survival”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.