Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence indicating that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are involved in plant defense responses. Analysis of the completed Arabidopsis thaliana genome sequence has revealed the existence of 20 MAPKs, 10 MAPKKs and 60 MAPKKKs, implying a high level of complexity in MAPK signaling pathways, and making the assignment of gene functions difficult. The MAP kinase kinase 7 (MKK7) gene of Arabidopsis has previously been shown to negatively regulate polar auxin transport. Here we provide evidence that MKK7 positively regulates plant basal and systemic acquired resistance (SAR). The activation-tagged bud1 mutant, in which the expression of MKK7 is increased, accumulates elevated levels of salicylic acid (SA), exhibits constitutive pathogenesis-related (PR) gene expression, and displays enhanced resistance to both Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola (Psm) ES4326 and Hyaloperonospora parasitica Noco2. Both PR gene expression and disease resistance of the bud1 plants depend on SA, and partially depend on NPR1. We demonstrate that the constitutive defense response in bud1 plants is a result of the increased expression of MKK7, and requires the kinase activity of the MKK7 protein. We found that expression of the MKK7 gene in wild-type plants is induced by pathogen infection. Reducing mRNA levels of MKK7 by antisense RNA expression not only compromises basal resistance, but also blocks the induction of SAR. Intriguingly, ectopic expression of MKK7 in local tissues induces PR gene expression and resistance to Psm ES4326 in systemic tissues, indicating that activation of MKK7 is sufficient for generating the mobile signal of SAR.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
The bud1 mutant accumulated elevated salicylic acid.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianat0 - Material
- bud1 mutante0
- Gene
- MKK7e0
- Outcome
- elevated levels of salicylic acide0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The activation-tagged bud1 mutant, in which the expression of MKK7 is increased, accumulates elevated levels of salicylic acid (SA), exhibits constitutive pathogenesis-related (PR) gene expression, and displays enhanced resistance to both Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola (Psm) ES4326 and Hyaloperonospora parasitica Noco2.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
The bud1 mutant constitutively expressed PR genes.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- bud1 mutante0
- Gene
- PRe0
- Outcome
- constitutive pathogenesis-related (PR) gene expressione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The activation-tagged bud1 mutant, in which the expression of MKK7 is increased, accumulates elevated levels of salicylic acid (SA), exhibits constitutive pathogenesis-related (PR) gene expression, and displays enhanced resistance to both Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola (Psm) ES4326 and Hyaloperonospora parasitica Noco2.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
The bud1 mutant had enhanced resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- bud1 mutantt1
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola (Psm) ES4326Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicolae0pathogen
- Outcome
- enhanced resistance to both Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicolae0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“displays enhanced resistance to both Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola (Psm) ES4326 and Hyaloperonospora parasitica Noco2.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
t1“bud1 mutant”
Claim · model-written summary
The bud1 mutant had enhanced resistance to Hyaloperonospora parasitica.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- bud1 mutantt1
- Interactor
- Hyaloperonospora parasitica Noco2
Hyaloperonospora parasiticae0pathogen - Outcome
- enhanced resistancee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“displays enhanced resistance to both Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola (Psm) ES4326 and Hyaloperonospora parasitica Noco2.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
t1“bud1 mutant”
Claim · model-written summary
Bud1 PR expression and resistance depended on SA and partly on NPR1.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- bud1 plantse0
- Gene
- NPR1e0
- Compound
- SAe0
- Outcome
- PR gene expression and disease resistancee0
- Qualifier
- partially depend on NPR1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both PR gene expression and disease resistance of the bud1 plants depend on SA, and partially depend on NPR1.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Constitutive bud1 defense was due to increased MKK7 expression and required MKK7 kinase activity.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- bud1 plantse0
- Gene
- MKK7e0
- Outcome
- constitutive defense responsee0
- Qualifier
- requires the kinase activity of the MKK7 proteine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We demonstrate that the constitutive defense response in bud1 plants is a result of the increased expression of MKK7, and requires the kinase activity of the MKK7 protein.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Pathogen infection induced MKK7 expression in wild-type plants.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Interactor
- pathogene0pathogen
- Gene
- MKK7e0
- Outcome
- expression of the MKK7 genee0
- Direction
- inducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We found that expression of the MKK7 gene in wild-type plants is induced by pathogen infection.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Antisense reduction of MKK7 compromised basal resistance.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- antisense RNA expressione0
- Gene
- MKK7e0
- Outcome
- basal resistancee0
- Direction
- compromisese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reducing mRNA levels of MKK7 by antisense RNA expression not only compromises basal resistance, but also blocks the induction of SAR.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Antisense reduction of MKK7 blocked SAR induction.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- antisense RNA expressione0
- Gene
- MKK7e0
- Outcome
- induction of SARe0
- Direction
- blockse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reducing mRNA levels of MKK7 by antisense RNA expression not only compromises basal resistance, but also blocks the induction of SAR.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Local MKK7 expression induced systemic PR gene expression.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Organ / stage
- systemic tissuese0
- Treatment
- ectopic expression of MKK7 in local tissuese0
- Gene
- MKK7e0
- Outcome
- PR gene expressione0
- Direction
- inducese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ectopic expression of MKK7 in local tissues induces PR gene expression and resistance to Psm ES4326 in systemic tissues”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Local MKK7 expression induced systemic resistance to Psm ES4326.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Organ / stage
- systemic tissuese0
- Treatment
- ectopic expression of MKK7 in local tissuese0
- Interactor
- Psm ES4326e0pathogen
- Gene
- MKK7e0
- Outcome
- resistance to Psm ES4326e0
- Direction
- inducese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ectopic expression of MKK7 in local tissues induces PR gene expression and resistance to Psm ES4326 in systemic tissues”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
MKK7 activation was sufficient to generate the mobile SAR signal.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- MKK7e0
- Outcome
- mobile signal of SARe0
- Qualifier
- activation of MKK7 is sufficiente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“indicating that activation of MKK7 is sufficient for generating the mobile signal of SAR.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
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