Abstract
Arabidopsis ecotype Columbia (Col-0) seedlings, transformed with a phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 1 promoter (PAL1)-[beta]-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter construct, were inoculated with virulent and avirulent isolates of Peronospora parasitica. The PAL1 promoter was constitutively active in the light in vascular tissue but was induced only in the vicinity of fungal structures in the incompatible interaction. A double-staining procedure was developed to distinguish between GUS activity and fungal structures. The PAL1 promoter was activated in cells undergoing lignification in the incompatible interaction in response to the pathogen. Pretreatment of the seedlings with 2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid (AIP), a highly specific PAL inhibitor, made the plants completely susceptible. Lignification was suppressed after AIP treatment, and surprisingly, pathogen-induced PAL1 promoter activity could not be detected. Treatment of the seedlings with 2-hydroxyphenylaminosulphinyl acetic acid (1,1-dimethyl ester) (OH-PAS), a cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor specific for the lignification pathway, also caused a shift toward susceptibility, but the effect was not as pronounced as it was with AIP. Significantly, although OH-PAS suppressed pathogen-induced lignification, it did not suppress pathogen-induced PAL1 promoter activation. Salicylic acid (SA), supplied to AIP-treated plants, restored resistance and both pathogen-induced lignification and activation of the PAL1 promoter. Endogenous SA levels increased significantly in the incompatible but not in the compatible combination, and this increase was suppressed by AIP but not by OH-PAS. These results provide evidence of the central role of SA in genetically determined plant disease resistance and show that lignification per se, although providing a component of the resistance mechanism, is not the deciding factor between resistance and susceptibility.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
PAL1 promoter activity was induced only near fungal structures in the incompatible interaction.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsist0 - Interactor
- Peronospora parasitica
Hyaloperonospora parasiticat0pathogen - Gene
- PAL1 promotere0
- Outcome
- inducede0
- Qualifier
- only in the vicinity of fungal structurese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Resistance of Arabidopsis to Peronospora parasitica”
e0“The PAL1 promoter was constitutively active in the light in vascular tissue but was induced only in the vicinity of fungal structures in the incompatible interaction”
Claim · model-written summary
The PAL1 promoter was activated in cells undergoing lignification in the incompatible interaction.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Organ / stage
- cells undergoing lignificatione0
- Interactor
- Peronospora parasiticaHyaloperonospora parasiticat0pathogen
- Gene
- PAL1 promotere0
- Outcome
- activatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Resistance of Arabidopsis to Peronospora parasitica”
e0“The PAL1 promoter was activated in cells undergoing lignification in the incompatible interaction in response to the pathogen”
Claim · model-written summary
AIP pretreatment made Arabidopsis seedlings completely susceptible to Peronospora parasitica.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- 2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid (AIP)e0
- Interactor
- Peronospora parasiticaHyaloperonospora parasiticat0pathogen
- Outcome
- susceptiblee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Resistance of Arabidopsis to Peronospora parasitica”
e0“Pretreatment of the seedlings with 2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid (AIP), a highly specific PAL inhibitor, made the plants completely susceptible”
Claim · model-written summary
AIP treatment suppressed lignification in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- AIP treatmente0
- Outcome
- Lignificatione0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Resistance of Arabidopsis to Peronospora parasitica”
e0“Lignification was suppressed after AIP treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
AIP treatment prevented detection of pathogen-induced PAL1 promoter activity.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- AIP treatmente0
- Interactor
- Peronospora parasiticaHyaloperonospora parasiticat0pathogen
- Outcome
- pathogen-induced PAL1 promoter activitye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Resistance of Arabidopsis to Peronospora parasitica”
e0“Lignification was suppressed after AIP treatment, and surprisingly, pathogen-induced PAL1 promoter activity could not be detected”
Claim · model-written summary
OH-PAS caused a shift toward susceptibility in Arabidopsis, less pronounced than AIP.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- OH-PASe0
- Outcome
- shift toward susceptibilitye0
- Qualifier
- not as pronouncede0
- Comparator
- AIPe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Resistance of Arabidopsis to Peronospora parasitica”
e0“Treatment of the seedlings with 2-hydroxyphenylaminosulphinyl acetic acid (1,1-dimethyl ester) (OH-PAS), a cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor specific for the lignification pathway, also caused a shift toward susceptibility, but the effect was not as pronounced as it was with AIP”
Claim · model-written summary
OH-PAS suppressed pathogen-induced lignification in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- OH-PASe0
- Outcome
- pathogen-induced lignificatione0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Resistance of Arabidopsis to Peronospora parasitica”
e0“Significantly, although OH-PAS suppressed pathogen-induced lignification, it did not suppress pathogen-induced PAL1 promoter activation”
Claim · model-written summary
OH-PAS did not suppress pathogen-induced PAL1 promoter activation.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- OH-PASe0
- Outcome
- pathogen-induced PAL1 promoter activatione0
- Direction
- did not suppresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Resistance of Arabidopsis to Peronospora parasitica”
e0“Significantly, although OH-PAS suppressed pathogen-induced lignification, it did not suppress pathogen-induced PAL1 promoter activation”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid supplied to AIP-treated plants restored resistance.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- Salicylic acid (SA), supplied to AIP-treated plantse0
- Outcome
- resistancee0
- Direction
- restorede0
- Comparator
- AIP-treated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Resistance of Arabidopsis to Peronospora parasitica”
e0“Salicylic acid (SA), supplied to AIP-treated plants, restored resistance”
Claim · model-written summary
Endogenous salicylic acid levels increased significantly in the incompatible but not in the compatible combination.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- incompatiblee0
- Interactor
- Peronospora parasiticaHyaloperonospora parasiticat0pathogen
- Outcome
- Endogenous SA levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- compatible combinatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Resistance of Arabidopsis to Peronospora parasitica”
e0“Endogenous SA levels increased significantly in the incompatible but not in the compatible combination”
Claim · model-written summary
The increase in endogenous SA was suppressed by AIP but not by OH-PAS.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Resistance of Arabidopsis to Peronospora parasitica”
e0“this increase was suppressed by AIP but not by OH-PAS”
Claim · model-written summary
The results give evidence of a central role of SA in genetically determined plant disease resistance.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Compound
- SAe0
- Outcome
- plant disease resistancee0
- Qualifier
- central rolee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Resistance of Arabidopsis to Peronospora parasitica”
e0“These results provide evidence of the central role of SA in genetically determined plant disease resistance”
Claim · model-written summary
Lignification per se is not the deciding factor between resistance and susceptibility, although it is a component of the resistance mechanism.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- deciding factor between resistance and susceptibilitye0
- Qualifier
- lignification per see0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Resistance of Arabidopsis to Peronospora parasitica”
e0“lignification per se, although providing a component of the resistance mechanism, is not the deciding factor between resistance and susceptibility”
The same questions in other papers
salicylic acid · disease · ArabidopsisPositive and negative results
11 papers in the same direction as this paper · 8 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
16 papers more in this group
See all 20 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.