Abstract
Soil salinity affects large areas of the world's cultivated land, causing significant reductions in crop yield. Despite the fact that most plants accumulate both sodium (Na(+)) and chloride (Cl(-)) ions in high concentrations in their shoot tissues when grown in saline soils, most research on salt tolerance in annual plants has focused on the toxic effects of Na(+) accumulation. It has previously been suggested that Cl(-) toxicity may also be an important cause of growth reduction in barley plants. Here, the extent to which specific ion toxicities of Na(+) and Cl(-) reduce the growth of barley grown in saline soils is shown under varying salinity treatments using four barley genotypes differing in their salt tolerance in solution and soil-based systems. High Na(+), Cl(-), and NaCl separately reduced the growth of barley, however, the reductions in growth and photosynthesis were greatest under NaCl stress and were mainly additive of the effects of Na(+) and Cl(-) stress. The results demonstrated that Na(+) and Cl(-) exclusion among barley genotypes are independent mechanisms and different genotypes expressed different combinations of the two mechanisms. High concentrations of Na(+) reduced K(+) and Ca(2+) uptake and reduced photosynthesis mainly by reducing stomatal conductance. By comparison, high Cl(-) concentration reduced photosynthetic capacity due to non-stomatal effects: there was chlorophyll degradation, and a reduction in the actual quantum yield of PSII electron transport which was associated with both photochemical quenching and the efficiency of excitation energy capture. The results also showed that there are fundamental differences in salinity responses between soil and solution culture, and that the importance of the different mechanisms of salt damage varies according to the system under which the plants were grown.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
High Na+ reduced the growth of barley.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree0 - Treatment
- High Na(+)e0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“High Na(+), Cl(-), and NaCl separately reduced the growth of barley”
t0“barley growth under salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
High Cl- reduced the growth of barley.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- Cl(-)e0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High Na(+), Cl(-), and NaCl separately reduced the growth of barley”
t0“barley growth under salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
NaCl reduced the growth of barley.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- NaCle0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High Na(+), Cl(-), and NaCl separately reduced the growth of barley”
t0“barley growth under salinity stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Reductions in barley growth and photosynthesis were greatest under NaCl stress and were mainly additive of Na+ and Cl- stress.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- NaCl stresse1
- Outcome
- reductions in growth and photosynthesise1
- Direction
- greateste1
- Comparator
- Na(+) and Cl(-) stresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High Na(+), Cl(-), and NaCl separately reduced the growth of barley”
e1“the reductions in growth and photosynthesis were greatest under NaCl stress and were mainly additive of the effects of Na(+) and Cl(-) stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Na(+) and Cl(-) exclusion among barley genotypes are independent mechanisms, and different genotypes combine the two differently.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree2
- Outcome
- Na(+) and Cl(-) exclusione2
- Qualifier
- independent mechanismse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“the results demonstrated that Na(+) and Cl(-) exclusion among barley genotypes are independent mechanisms”
Claim · model-written summary
High concentrations of Na+ reduced photosynthesis in barley mainly by reducing stomatal conductance.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- High concentrations of Na(+)e3
- Compound
- Na(+)e3
- Outcome
- photosynthesise3
- Qualifier
- mainly by reducing stomatal conductancee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High Na(+), Cl(-), and NaCl separately reduced the growth of barley”
e3“High concentrations of Na(+) reduced K(+) and Ca(2+) uptake and reduced photosynthesis mainly by reducing stomatal conductance”
Claim · model-written summary
High concentrations of Na+ reduced K+ and Ca2+ uptake in barley.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- High concentrations of Na(+)e3
- Outcome
- K(+) and Ca(2+) uptakee3
- Direction
- reducede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High Na(+), Cl(-), and NaCl separately reduced the growth of barley”
e3“High concentrations of Na(+) reduced K(+) and Ca(2+) uptake and reduced photosynthesis mainly by reducing stomatal conductance”
Claim · model-written summary
High Cl- concentration reduced photosynthetic capacity in barley through non-stomatal effects.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- high Cl(-) concentratione4
- Outcome
- photosynthetic capacitye4
- Qualifier
- due to non-stomatal effectse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High Na(+), Cl(-), and NaCl separately reduced the growth of barley”
e4“high Cl(-) concentration reduced photosynthetic capacity due to non-stomatal effects”
Claim · model-written summary
High Cl- concentration in barley caused chlorophyll degradation.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- high Cl(-) concentratione4
- Outcome
- chlorophyll degradatione5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High Na(+), Cl(-), and NaCl separately reduced the growth of barley”
e4“high Cl(-) concentration reduced photosynthetic capacity due to non-stomatal effects”
e5“there was chlorophyll degradation”
Claim · model-written summary
High Cl- concentration in barley reduced the actual quantum yield of PSII electron transport.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- high Cl(-) concentratione4
- Outcome
- actual quantum yield of PSII electron transporte6
- Direction
- reductione6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High Na(+), Cl(-), and NaCl separately reduced the growth of barley”
e4“high Cl(-) concentration reduced photosynthetic capacity due to non-stomatal effects”
e6“a reduction in the actual quantum yield of PSII electron transport”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity responses of barley differ between soil and solution culture.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- salinity responsese7
- Qualifier
- between soil and solution culturee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“barley growth under salinity stress”
e7“there are fundamental differences in salinity responses between soil and solution culture”
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See all 25 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.