Abstract
The effect of application of different biocontrol agents (Trichoderma spp (eight isolates), Pseudomonas fluorescens (four isolates) and Bacillus subtilis (two isolates)) was tested against head rot fungus, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita complex diseases. In vitro studies showed that three Trichoderma isolates (Tvc1, Tvc2 and Thc) were effective in inhibition of mycelial growth of the fungus as well as egg hatching ability of the nematode. Application of talc based formulation of biocontrol agents (bioformulations) individually as well as in mixtures with or without chitin was tested against head rot–root-knot disease complex under greenhouse conditions. The combined application of bioformulation mixture (Tvc1, Tvc2 and Thc) along with chitin reduced the incidence of the complex diseases and induced significantly increased activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and chitinase in cabbage. Activities of PAL and chitinase reached maximum levels within 10 – 20 d, while the activity of PAL continued to be maintained up to 40 d after the application of Tvc1 + Tvc2 + Thc + chitin. Isozyme analyses observed that unique PO (PO1, PO2 PO3 and PO4) and PPO (PPO1, PPO2 and PPO3) enzymes were induced after 10 d in cabbage plants treated with Tvc1 + Tvc2 + Thc + chitin upon challenge inoculation with head rot–root-knot pathogens. Similarly, the bioformulation mixture with chitin was successful at reducing the incidence of head rot–root-knot apart from enhancing the crop yield under field conditions. The mechanism associated with reduced incidence of head rot–root-knot in cabbage may be due to induction of defense proteins (PAL, PO, PPO and chitinase) in the crop.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Three Trichoderma isolates inhibited growth of the head rot fungus in vitro.
- Taxon
- cabbage
Brassica oleracea var. capitatat0 - Treatment
- Tvc1, Tvc2 and Thce0
- Interactor
- Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Sclerotinia sclerotiorume1pathogen - Second interactor
- Trichoderma
Trichodermae0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- mycelial growth of the funguse0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“three Trichoderma isolates (Tvc1, Tvc2 and Thc) were effective in inhibition of mycelial growth of the fungus”
e1“head rot fungus, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum”
t0“cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Three Trichoderma isolates inhibited root-knot nematode egg hatching in vitro.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- Tvc1, Tvc2 and Thce0
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognita
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=60)
Meloidogyne incognitae1pathogen - Second interactor
- TrichodermaTrichodermae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- egg hatching ability of the nematodee0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“three Trichoderma isolates (Tvc1, Tvc2 and Thc) were effective in inhibition of mycelial growth of the fungus as well as egg hatching ability of the nematode”
e1“root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita”
t0“cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
The formulation mixture with chitin reduced cabbage disease incidence in a greenhouse.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- bioformulation mixture (Tvc1, Tvc2 and Thc) along with chitine0
- Outcome
- incidence of the complex diseasese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined application of bioformulation mixture (Tvc1, Tvc2 and Thc) along with chitin reduced the incidence of the complex diseases”
e1“under greenhouse conditions”
t0“cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
The mixture with chitin increased PAL, PO and PPO activities in cabbage.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae0
- Treatment
- bioformulation mixture (Tvc1, Tvc2 and Thc) along with chitine0
- Outcome
- activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined application of bioformulation mixture (Tvc1, Tvc2 and Thc) along with chitin reduced the incidence of the complex diseases and induced significantly increased activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and chitinase in cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
The mixture with chitin increased cabbage chitinase activity.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae0
- Treatment
- bioformulation mixture (Tvc1, Tvc2 and Thc) along with chitine1
- Outcome
- chitinasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“induced significantly increased activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and chitinase in cabbage”
e1“bioformulation mixture (Tvc1, Tvc2 and Thc) along with chitin”
Claim · model-written summary
PAL and chitinase activity peaked within 10–20 days after application.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- Tvc1 + Tvc2 + Thc + chitine1
- Outcome
- Activities of PAL and chitinasee0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 10 – 20 de0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Activities of PAL and chitinase reached maximum levels within 10 – 20 d”
e1“after the application of Tvc1 + Tvc2 + Thc + chitin”
t0“cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
PAL activity remained elevated until 40 days after application.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- Tvc1 + Tvc2 + Thc + chitine0
- Outcome
- activity of PALe0
- Direction
- maintainede0
- Value
- 40 de0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“activity of PAL continued to be maintained up to 40 d after the application of Tvc1 + Tvc2 + Thc + chitin”
t0“cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Unique PO and PPO isozymes were induced 10 days after treatment and pathogen challenge.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae0
- Treatment
- Tvc1 + Tvc2 + Thc + chitine0
- Outcome
- unique PO (PO1, PO2 PO3 and PO4) and PPO (PPO1, PPO2 and PPO3) enzymese0
- Value
- 10 de0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“unique PO (PO1, PO2 PO3 and PO4) and PPO (PPO1, PPO2 and PPO3) enzymes were induced after 10 d in cabbage plants treated with Tvc1 + Tvc2 + Thc + chitin upon challenge inoculation with head rot–root-knot pathogens”
Claim · model-written summary
The mixture with chitin reduced disease incidence in field conditions.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- bioformulation mixture with chitine0
- Outcome
- incidence of head rot–root-knote0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bioformulation mixture with chitin was successful at reducing the incidence of head rot–root-knot apart from enhancing the crop yield under field conditions”
t0“cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
The mixture with chitin enhanced cabbage yield in field conditions.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatat0
- Treatment
- bioformulation mixture with chitine0
- Outcome
- crop yielde0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bioformulation mixture with chitin was successful at reducing the incidence of head rot–root-knot apart from enhancing the crop yield under field conditions”
t0“cabbage”
Claim · model-written summary
Induced defense proteins may explain reduced cabbage disease incidence.
- Taxon
- cabbageBrassica oleracea var. capitatae0
- Outcome
- reduced incidence of head rot–root-knote0
- Qualifier
- induction of defense proteins (PAL, PO, PPO and chitinase)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced incidence of head rot–root-knot in cabbage may be due to induction of defense proteins (PAL, PO, PPO and chitinase) in the crop”
The same questions in other papers
resistance inducer · disease · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.