Abstract
Abstract The activities of hydrated lime and lime sulphur to stop infections of apple scab ( Venturia inaequalis ) were evaluated at 20°C using an in vitro test system based on isolated cuticles and scab conidia. Treatments were applied 24 or 48 h after inoculation that is 16 or 40 h after a predicted infection period, respectively. Efficacy of the postinfection treatments was assessed 72 h after inoculation by counting living primary stromata, which fluoresced brightly green when stained with fluorescein diacetate (FDA). A suspension of hydrated lime (5 g/l) as well as lime sulphur (1.5%) applied 16 h after infection killed early infection structures and stopped further development. Lime sulphur reduced the percentage of penetration to below 10% even with treatments 40 h after infection. The activity of hydrated lime is due to its alkaline pH of 12.45. Suspensions of calcium carbonate (6.75 g/l) showed no effect on percentage of penetration. Up to pH 12.0 effects of potassium hydroxide solutions on vitality of germinated conidia and percentage of penetration were weak. Values of pH 12.4 or higher were necessary to kill germinated conidia of V. inaequalis and their primary penetration structures. At pH 12.4 activity of KOH was comparable with the effect of hydrated lime. It is argued that the high pH disrupts the spore membranes. This is supported by the fact that dead spores and germ tubes did not fluoresce with FDA, which requires integrity of the membranes. For an individual spore the disruption of the spore membrane is an all‐or‐nothing event.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrated lime applied 16 hours after infection killed early infection structures and stopped development.
- Taxon
- Apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- hydrated lime (5 g/l)e0
- Interactor
- Venturia inaequalis
Venturia inaequalist0pathogen - Outcome
- early infection structurese0
- Direction
- killede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A suspension of hydrated lime (5 g/l) as well as lime sulphur (1.5%) applied 16 h after infection killed early infection structures and stopped further development”
t0“Apple Scab (Venturia inaequalis)”
Claim · model-written summary
Lime sulphur applied 16 hours after infection killed early infection structures and stopped development.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- lime sulphur (1.5%)e0
- Interactor
- Venturia inaequalisVenturia inaequalist0pathogen
- Outcome
- early infection structurese0
- Direction
- killede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lime sulphur (1.5%) applied 16 h after infection killed early infection structures and stopped further development”
t0“Apple Scab (Venturia inaequalis)”
Claim · model-written summary
Lime sulphur reduced penetration below 10% even when applied 40 hours after infection.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Lime sulphure0
- Interactor
- Venturia inaequalisVenturia inaequalist0pathogen
- Outcome
- percentage of penetratione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- below 10%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lime sulphur reduced the percentage of penetration to below 10% even with treatments 40 h after infection”
t0“Apple Scab (Venturia inaequalis)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attributed hydrated lime activity to its alkaline pH.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- hydrated limee0
- Outcome
- activity of hydrated limee0
- Qualifier
- alkaline pH of 12.45e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The activity of hydrated lime is due to its alkaline pH of 12.45”
t0“Apple Scab (Venturia inaequalis)”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium carbonate had no effect on penetration percentage.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- calcium carbonate (6.75 g/l)e0
- Interactor
- Venturia inaequalisVenturia inaequalist0pathogen
- Outcome
- percentage of penetratione0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Suspensions of calcium carbonate (6.75 g/l) showed no effect on percentage of penetration”
t0“Apple Scab (Venturia inaequalis)”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium hydroxide up to pH 12.0 had weak effects on germinated conidial vitality.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- potassium hydroxide solutionse0
- Interactor
- Venturia inaequalisVenturia inaequalist0pathogen
- Outcome
- vitality of germinated conidiae0
- Direction
- weake0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Up to pH 12.0 effects of potassium hydroxide solutions on vitality of germinated conidia and percentage of penetration were weak”
t0“Apple Scab (Venturia inaequalis)”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium hydroxide up to pH 12.0 had weak effects on penetration percentage.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- potassium hydroxide solutionse0
- Interactor
- Venturia inaequalisVenturia inaequalist0pathogen
- Outcome
- percentage of penetratione0
- Direction
- weake0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Up to pH 12.0 effects of potassium hydroxide solutions on vitality of germinated conidia and percentage of penetration were weak”
t0“Apple Scab (Venturia inaequalis)”
Claim · model-written summary
pH 12.4 or higher was necessary to kill germinated conidia and penetration structures.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- pH 12.4 or highere0
- Interactor
- V. inaequalisVenturia inaequalise0pathogen
- Outcome
- germinated conidia of V. inaequalis and their primary penetration structurese0
- Direction
- kille0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Values of pH 12.4 or higher were necessary to kill germinated conidia of V. inaequalis and their primary penetration structures”
t0“Apple Scab (Venturia inaequalis)”
Claim · model-written summary
At pH 12.4, potassium hydroxide activity was comparable to hydrated lime.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- KOHe0
- Interactor
- Venturia inaequalisVenturia inaequalist0pathogen
- Outcome
- activity of KOHe0
- Direction
- comparablee0
- Comparator
- hydrated limee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At pH 12.4 activity of KOH was comparable with the effect of hydrated lime”
t0“Apple Scab (Venturia inaequalis)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors argue high pH disrupts spore membranes.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- Venturia inaequalisVenturia inaequalist0pathogen
- Outcome
- spore membranese0
- Qualifier
- high pHe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It is argued that the high pH disrupts the spore membranes”
t0“Apple Scab (Venturia inaequalis)”
Claim · model-written summary
Dead spores and germ tubes failed to fluoresce with FDA.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- Venturia inaequalisVenturia inaequalist0pathogen
- Outcome
- dead spores and germ tubes did not fluorescee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dead spores and germ tubes did not fluoresce with FDA”
t0“Apple Scab (Venturia inaequalis)”
Claim · model-written summary
Spore membrane disruption was an all-or-nothing event for individual spores.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- Venturia inaequalisVenturia inaequalist0pathogen
- Outcome
- disruption of the spore membranee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For an individual spore the disruption of the spore membrane is an all‐or‐nothing event”
t0“Apple Scab (Venturia inaequalis)”
The same questions in other papers
calcium dihydroxide · Venturia inaequalis · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
calcium carbonate · Venturia inaequalis · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
sulfur atom · Venturia inaequalis · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →lime · Venturia inaequalis · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.