Abstract
Abstract Organic pipfruit growers in New Zealand have reported decreased yield and fruit size and poorer quality of foliage of ‘Braeburn’ apple (Malus domestica) with fungicidal programmes based on sulfur. This project aimed to quantify the effect of several fungicide programmes compatible with organic production on the tree growth, yield, and fruit quality of ‘Braeburn’. The spray programmes included Kocide DF, lime sulfur, Kumulus, slaked lime, Kocide DF + slaked lime, and Kocide DF + Kumulus compared to an Integrated Fruit Production (IFP) compatible programme based on dodine, polyram, and captan. The spray programmes were applied from pink tip until harvest, with a total 19 spray applications made to 5‐year‐old ‘Braeburn'/MM.106 trees. Spray treatments did not influence shoot growth, leaf area development, or increment in trunk cross‐sectional area. Leaf photosynthesis was significantly reduced by all treatments which included sulfur (lime sulfur or Kumulus) with reductions of up to almost 50% in January compared to the non‐sulfur treatments. At harvest, the pooled data for the treatments containing sulfur showed a significant yield per tree reduction of 12% compared to the non‐sulfur treatments, largely as a result of decreased fruit numbers per tree. Treatments containing Kocide DF resulted in a higher proportion of fruit with russet. The addition of Kumulus or slaked lime to Kocide DF resulted in some amelioration of russet. All treatments resulted in less blush development on the fruit compared to the IFP control, except for slaked lime. Slaked lime treatments, however, tended to reduce sunburn. The Kocide DF + Kumulus treatment produced the highest reject rate for low colour. Black spot (Venturia inaequalis) incidence on fruit at harvest was significantly higher on trees treated with either Kocide DF or slaked lime compared to the control treatment. When Kocide DF and slaked lime were used together, however, control of black spot was not significantly different from the control. In contrast, dry eye rot (Botrytis cinerea) incidence was significantly higher on the trees treated with lime sulfur.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Spray treatments did not change shoot growth, leaf area development, or trunk cross-sectional increment.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- Spray treatmentse0
- Outcome
- shoot growth, leaf area development, or increment in trunk cross‐sectional areae0
- Direction
- did not influencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spray treatments did not influence shoot growth, leaf area development, or increment in trunk cross‐sectional area.”
t0“apple (Malus domestica)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur-containing treatments significantly reduced leaf photosynthesis by up to almost 50% in January versus non-sulfur treatments.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- treatments which included sulfur (lime sulfur or Kumulus)e0
- Outcome
- Leaf photosynthesise0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- almost 50%e0
- Qualifier
- in Januarye0
- Comparator
- non‐sulfur treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf photosynthesis was significantly reduced by all treatments which included sulfur (lime sulfur or Kumulus) with reductions of up to almost 50% in January compared to the non‐sulfur treatments.”
t0“apple (Malus domestica)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur treatments reduced yield per tree by 12% versus non-sulfur treatments.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- treatments containing sulfure0
- Outcome
- yield per treee0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 12%e0
- Comparator
- non‐sulfur treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the pooled data for the treatments containing sulfur showed a significant yield per tree reduction of 12% compared to the non‐sulfur treatments”
t0“apple (Malus domestica)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur treatments decreased fruit numbers per tree.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- sulfure0
- Outcome
- fruit numbers per treee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At harvest, the pooled data for the treatments containing sulfur showed a significant yield per tree reduction of 12% compared to the non‐sulfur treatments, largely as a result of decreased fruit numbers per tree.”
t0“apple (Malus domestica)”
Claim · model-written summary
Kocide DF treatments increased the proportion of russeted fruit.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Kocide DFe0
- Outcome
- proportion of fruit with russete0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments containing Kocide DF resulted in a higher proportion of fruit with russet.”
t0“apple (Malus domestica)”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding Kumulus to Kocide DF ameliorated russet.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Kumuluse0
- Outcome
- russete0
- Direction
- amelioratione0
- Comparator
- Kocide DFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of Kumulus or slaked lime to Kocide DF resulted in some amelioration of russet.”
t0“apple (Malus domestica)”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding slaked lime to Kocide DF ameliorated russet.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- slaked limee0
- Outcome
- russete0
- Direction
- amelioratione0
- Comparator
- Kocide DFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of Kumulus or slaked lime to Kocide DF resulted in some amelioration of russet.”
t0“apple (Malus domestica)”
Claim · model-written summary
All treatments except slaked lime reduced fruit blush versus the IFP control.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- All treatmentse0
- Outcome
- blush development on the fruite0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Qualifier
- except for slaked limee0
- Comparator
- IFP controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All treatments resulted in less blush development on the fruit compared to the IFP control, except for slaked lime.”
t0“apple (Malus domestica)”
Claim · model-written summary
Slaked lime tended to reduce sunburn.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Slaked lime treatmentse0
- Outcome
- sunburne0
- Direction
- reducee0
- Qualifier
- tendede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Slaked lime treatments, however, tended to reduce sunburn.”
t0“apple (Malus domestica)”
Claim · model-written summary
Kocide DF plus Kumulus had the highest reject rate for low colour.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Kocide DF + Kumuluse0
- Outcome
- reject rate for low coloure0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Kocide DF + Kumulus treatment produced the highest reject rate for low colour.”
t0“apple (Malus domestica)”
Claim · model-written summary
Kocide DF increased fruit black spot incidence versus control.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Kocide DFe0
- Interactor
- Venturia inaequalis
Venturia inaequalise0pathogen - Outcome
- Black spot (Venturia inaequalis) incidence on fruit at harveste0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Black spot (Venturia inaequalis) incidence on fruit at harvest was significantly higher on trees treated with either Kocide DF or slaked lime compared to the control treatment.”
t0“apple (Malus domestica)”
Claim · model-written summary
Slaked lime increased fruit black spot incidence versus control.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- slaked limee0
- Interactor
- Venturia inaequalisVenturia inaequalise0pathogen
- Outcome
- Black spot (Venturia inaequalis) incidence on fruit at harveste0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Black spot (Venturia inaequalis) incidence on fruit at harvest was significantly higher on trees treated with either Kocide DF or slaked lime compared to the control treatment.”
t0“apple (Malus domestica)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Kocide DF and slaked lime gave black spot control not significantly different from control.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Kocide DF and slaked limee0
- Outcome
- control of black spote0
- Direction
- not significantly differente0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When Kocide DF and slaked lime were used together, however, control of black spot was not significantly different from the control.”
t0“apple (Malus domestica)”
Claim · model-written summary
Lime sulfur increased dry eye rot incidence.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- lime sulfure0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinerea
Botrytis cinereae0pathogen - Outcome
- dry eye rot (Botrytis cinerea) incidencee0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry eye rot (Botrytis cinerea) incidence was significantly higher on the trees treated with lime sulfur.”
t0“apple (Malus domestica)”
The same questions in other papers
sulfur atom · yield · Malus domestica (apple)Results differ
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
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See all 11 papers →calcium dihydroxide · Venturia inaequalis · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
sulfur atom · physiology: photosynthesis · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
application · growth · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
30 papers in the same direction as this paper · 76 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
103 papers more in this group
See all 107 papers →lime · physiology: photosynthesis · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.