Abstract
Few fruit thinners have been certified for organic fruit growers. Previous studies have shown that herbicides or shade are capable of reducing photosynthesis and are effective fruit-thinning techniques, although impractical. This project evaluated use of a model plant system of vegetative apple trees grown under controlled conditions to study photosynthetic inhibitors, which could be used as potential organic thinning agents. Various concentrations of osmotics, salts, and oils (lime-sulfur, potassium bisulfite, potassium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, soybean oil) were applied to actively growing apple trees and showed a reduced trend on the rate of apple tree photosynthetic assimilation (Pn), evapotranspiration (Et), and stomatal conductance (gs). From two studies, it was observed that treatments of 2% lime-sulfur (LS) + 2% soybean oil (SO), 4% SO, 8% LS, 5% potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3), and 5% potassium bisulfite (KHSO4) all significantly reduced Pn. The 4% LS + 2% SO, 4% LS + 4% SO, 0.5% sodium chloride (NaCl), and 2% NaCl did not significantly reduce Pn. The response of Et was significantly reduced by 2% LS + 2% SO, 5% KHCO3, and 4% SO. In a second study, trees had reduced Pn, Et, and gs after the application of 4% LS + 4% SO, 2% NaCl, 5% KHCO3, and 5% KHSO4. Stem weight, total plant weight, average leaf weight, and leaf surface area of the treated plants, although reduced, were not significantly so when compared to the control 20 d after treatment.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
The applied osmotics, salts and oils tended to reduce apple photosynthetic assimilation, evapotranspiration and stomatal conductance.
- Taxon
- apple trees
Malus domesticae0 - Treatment
- osmotics, salts, and oilse0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic assimilation (Pn), evapotranspiration (Et), and stomatal conductance (gs)e0
- Direction
- reduced trende0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Various concentrations of osmotics, salts, and oils (lime-sulfur, potassium bisulfite, potassium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, soybean oil) were applied to actively growing apple trees and showed a reduced trend on the rate of apple tree photosynthetic assimilation (Pn), evapotranspiration (Et), and stomatal conductance (gs).”
Claim · model-written summary
2% lime-sulfur plus 2% soybean oil significantly reduced apple photosynthetic assimilation.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 2% lime-sulfur (LS) + 2% soybean oil (SO)e0
- Outcome
- Pne0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatments of 2% lime-sulfur (LS) + 2% soybean oil (SO), 4% SO, 8% LS, 5% potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3), and 5% potassium bisulfite (KHSO4) all significantly reduced Pn.”
t0“The effects of potential organic apple fruit thinners on gas exchange and growth of model apple trees: A model plant study of transient photosynthetic inhibitors and their effect on physiology and growth”
Claim · model-written summary
4% soybean oil significantly reduced apple photosynthetic assimilation.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 4% SOe0
- Outcome
- Pne0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatments of 2% lime-sulfur (LS) + 2% soybean oil (SO), 4% SO, 8% LS, 5% potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3), and 5% potassium bisulfite (KHSO4) all significantly reduced Pn.”
t0“The effects of potential organic apple fruit thinners on gas exchange and growth of model apple trees: A model plant study of transient photosynthetic inhibitors and their effect on physiology and growth”
Claim · model-written summary
8% lime-sulfur significantly reduced apple photosynthetic assimilation.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 8% LSe0
- Outcome
- Pne0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatments of 2% lime-sulfur (LS) + 2% soybean oil (SO), 4% SO, 8% LS, 5% potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3), and 5% potassium bisulfite (KHSO4) all significantly reduced Pn.”
t0“The effects of potential organic apple fruit thinners on gas exchange and growth of model apple trees: A model plant study of transient photosynthetic inhibitors and their effect on physiology and growth”
Claim · model-written summary
5% potassium bicarbonate significantly reduced apple photosynthetic assimilation.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 5% potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3)e0
- Outcome
- Pne0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatments of 2% lime-sulfur (LS) + 2% soybean oil (SO), 4% SO, 8% LS, 5% potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3), and 5% potassium bisulfite (KHSO4) all significantly reduced Pn.”
t0“The effects of potential organic apple fruit thinners on gas exchange and growth of model apple trees: A model plant study of transient photosynthetic inhibitors and their effect on physiology and growth”
Claim · model-written summary
5% potassium bisulfite significantly reduced apple photosynthetic assimilation.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 5% potassium bisulfite (KHSO4)e0
- Outcome
- Pne0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treatments of 2% lime-sulfur (LS) + 2% soybean oil (SO), 4% SO, 8% LS, 5% potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3), and 5% potassium bisulfite (KHSO4) all significantly reduced Pn.”
t0“The effects of potential organic apple fruit thinners on gas exchange and growth of model apple trees: A model plant study of transient photosynthetic inhibitors and their effect on physiology and growth”
Claim · model-written summary
4% lime-sulfur plus 2% soybean oil did not significantly reduce apple photosynthetic assimilation.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 4% LS + 2% SOe0
- Outcome
- Pne0
- Direction
- did not significantly reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 4% LS + 2% SO, 4% LS + 4% SO, 0.5% sodium chloride (NaCl), and 2% NaCl did not significantly reduce Pn.”
t0“The effects of potential organic apple fruit thinners on gas exchange and growth of model apple trees: A model plant study of transient photosynthetic inhibitors and their effect on physiology and growth”
Claim · model-written summary
4% lime-sulfur plus 4% soybean oil did not significantly reduce apple photosynthetic assimilation in the initial studies.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 4% LS + 4% SOe0
- Outcome
- Pne0
- Direction
- did not significantly reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 4% LS + 2% SO, 4% LS + 4% SO, 0.5% sodium chloride (NaCl), and 2% NaCl did not significantly reduce Pn.”
t0“The effects of potential organic apple fruit thinners on gas exchange and growth of model apple trees: A model plant study of transient photosynthetic inhibitors and their effect on physiology and growth”
Claim · model-written summary
0.5% sodium chloride did not significantly reduce apple photosynthetic assimilation.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 0.5% sodium chloride (NaCl)e0
- Outcome
- Pne0
- Direction
- did not significantly reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 4% LS + 2% SO, 4% LS + 4% SO, 0.5% sodium chloride (NaCl), and 2% NaCl did not significantly reduce Pn.”
t0“The effects of potential organic apple fruit thinners on gas exchange and growth of model apple trees: A model plant study of transient photosynthetic inhibitors and their effect on physiology and growth”
Claim · model-written summary
2% sodium chloride did not significantly reduce apple photosynthetic assimilation in the initial studies.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 2% NaCle0
- Outcome
- Pne0
- Direction
- did not significantly reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 4% LS + 2% SO, 4% LS + 4% SO, 0.5% sodium chloride (NaCl), and 2% NaCl did not significantly reduce Pn.”
t0“The effects of potential organic apple fruit thinners on gas exchange and growth of model apple trees: A model plant study of transient photosynthetic inhibitors and their effect on physiology and growth”
Claim · model-written summary
2% lime-sulfur plus 2% soybean oil significantly reduced apple evapotranspiration.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 2% LS + 2% SOe0
- Outcome
- Ete0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The response of Et was significantly reduced by 2% LS + 2% SO, 5% KHCO3, and 4% SO.”
t0“The effects of potential organic apple fruit thinners on gas exchange and growth of model apple trees: A model plant study of transient photosynthetic inhibitors and their effect on physiology and growth”
Claim · model-written summary
5% potassium bicarbonate significantly reduced apple evapotranspiration.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 5% KHCO3e0
- Outcome
- Ete0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The response of Et was significantly reduced by 2% LS + 2% SO, 5% KHCO3, and 4% SO.”
t0“The effects of potential organic apple fruit thinners on gas exchange and growth of model apple trees: A model plant study of transient photosynthetic inhibitors and their effect on physiology and growth”
Claim · model-written summary
4% soybean oil significantly reduced apple evapotranspiration.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 4% SOe0
- Outcome
- Ete0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The response of Et was significantly reduced by 2% LS + 2% SO, 5% KHCO3, and 4% SO.”
t0“The effects of potential organic apple fruit thinners on gas exchange and growth of model apple trees: A model plant study of transient photosynthetic inhibitors and their effect on physiology and growth”
Claim · model-written summary
In a second study, 4% lime-sulfur plus 4% soybean oil reduced apple Pn, Et and gs.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 4% LS + 4% SOe0
- Outcome
- Pn, Et, and gse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In a second study, trees had reduced Pn, Et, and gs after the application of 4% LS + 4% SO, 2% NaCl, 5% KHCO3, and 5% KHSO4.”
t0“The effects of potential organic apple fruit thinners on gas exchange and growth of model apple trees: A model plant study of transient photosynthetic inhibitors and their effect on physiology and growth”
Claim · model-written summary
In a second study, 2% sodium chloride reduced apple Pn, Et and gs.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 2% NaCle0
- Outcome
- Pn, Et, and gse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In a second study, trees had reduced Pn, Et, and gs after the application of 4% LS + 4% SO, 2% NaCl, 5% KHCO3, and 5% KHSO4.”
t0“The effects of potential organic apple fruit thinners on gas exchange and growth of model apple trees: A model plant study of transient photosynthetic inhibitors and their effect on physiology and growth”
Claim · model-written summary
In a second study, 5% potassium bicarbonate reduced apple Pn, Et and gs.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 5% KHCO3e0
- Outcome
- Pn, Et, and gse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In a second study, trees had reduced Pn, Et, and gs after the application of 4% LS + 4% SO, 2% NaCl, 5% KHCO3, and 5% KHSO4.”
t0“The effects of potential organic apple fruit thinners on gas exchange and growth of model apple trees: A model plant study of transient photosynthetic inhibitors and their effect on physiology and growth”
Claim · model-written summary
In a second study, 5% potassium bisulfite reduced apple Pn, Et and gs.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 5% KHSO4e0
- Outcome
- Pn, Et, and gse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In a second study, trees had reduced Pn, Et, and gs after the application of 4% LS + 4% SO, 2% NaCl, 5% KHCO3, and 5% KHSO4.”
t0“The effects of potential organic apple fruit thinners on gas exchange and growth of model apple trees: A model plant study of transient photosynthetic inhibitors and their effect on physiology and growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Treated apple stem weight, total plant weight and average leaf weight were reduced without statistical significance versus control after 20 days.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- treated plantse0
- Outcome
- Stem weight, total plant weight, average leaf weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- 20 d after treatmente0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stem weight, total plant weight, average leaf weight, and leaf surface area of the treated plants, although reduced, were not significantly so when compared to the control 20 d after treatment.”
t0“The effects of potential organic apple fruit thinners on gas exchange and growth of model apple trees: A model plant study of transient photosynthetic inhibitors and their effect on physiology and growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Treated apple leaf surface area was reduced without statistical significance versus control after 20 days.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- treated plantse0
- Outcome
- leaf surface areae0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- 20 d after treatmente0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stem weight, total plant weight, average leaf weight, and leaf surface area of the treated plants, although reduced, were not significantly so when compared to the control 20 d after treatment.”
t0“The effects of potential organic apple fruit thinners on gas exchange and growth of model apple trees: A model plant study of transient photosynthetic inhibitors and their effect on physiology and growth”
The same questions in other papers
soybean oil · physiology: photosynthesis · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
potassium · physiology: photosynthesis · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- no effect
lime · physiology: photosynthesis · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
salinity · physiology: photosynthesis · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.