Abstract
The availability of nitrogen is a limiting factor for plant growth in most soils. Allantoin and its degradation derivatives are a group of soil heterocyclic nitrogen compounds that play an essential role in the assimilation, metabolism, transport, and storage of nitrogen in plants. Allantoinase is a key enzyme for biogenesis and degradation of these ureide compounds. Here, we describe the isolation of two functional allantoinase genes, AtALN (Arabidopsis allantoinase) and RpALN (Robinia pseudoacacia allantoinase), from Arabidopsis and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). The proteins encoded by those genes were predicted to have a signal peptide for the secretory pathway, which is consistent with earlier biochemical work that localized allantoinase activity to microbodies and endoplasmic reticulum (Hanks et al., 1981). Their functions were confirmed by genetic complementation of a yeast mutant (dal1) deficient in allantoin hydrolysis. The absence of nitrogen in the medium increased the expression of the genes. In Arabidopsis, the addition of allantoin to the medium as a sole source of nitrogen resulted in the up-regulation of the AtALN gene. The black locust gene (RpALN) was differentially regulated in cotyledons, axis, and hypocotyls during seed germination and seedling growth, but was not expressed in root tissues. In the trunk wood of a mature black locust tree, the RpALN gene was highly expressed in the bark/cambial region, but had no detectable expression in the sapwood or sapwood-heartwood transition zone. In addition, the gene expression in the bark/cambial region was up-regulated in spring and fall when compared with summer, suggesting its involvement in nitrogen mobilization.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Functional allantoinase genes AtALN and RpALN were isolated from Arabidopsis and black locust, respectively.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise0 - Gene
- AtALNe0
- Outcome
- isolatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we describe the isolation of two functional allantoinase genes, AtALN (Arabidopsis allantoinase) and RpALN (Robinia pseudoacacia allantoinase), from Arabidopsis and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia).”
Claim · model-written summary
The black locust allantoinase gene RpALN was isolated.
- Taxon
- black locust
Robinia pseudoacaciae0 - Gene
- RpALNe0
- Outcome
- isolatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we describe the isolation of two functional allantoinase genes, AtALN (Arabidopsis allantoinase) and RpALN (Robinia pseudoacacia allantoinase), from Arabidopsis and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia).”
Claim · model-written summary
The proteins encoded by AtALN and RpALN were predicted to contain a secretory signal peptide.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Outcome
- signal peptide for the secretory pathwaye0
- Qualifier
- predictede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The proteins encoded by those genes were predicted to have a signal peptide for the secretory pathway”
t0“Arabidopsis and a Nonureide-Type Legume Black Locust”
Claim · model-written summary
Yeast-mutant complementation confirmed allantoinase gene function.
Verbatim
e0“Their functions were confirmed by genetic complementation of a yeast mutant (dal1) deficient in allantoin hydrolysis.”
t0“Allantoinase”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen absence increased allantoinase gene expression.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- absence of nitrogen in the mediume0
- Outcome
- expression of the genese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The absence of nitrogen in the medium increased the expression of the genes.”
t0“Arabidopsis and a Nonureide-Type Legume Black Locust”
Claim · model-written summary
Allantoin as the sole nitrogen source upregulated Arabidopsis AtALN.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Treatment
- addition of allantoin to the medium as a sole source of nitrogene0
- Outcome
- AtALN genee0
- Direction
- up-regulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Arabidopsis, the addition of allantoin to the medium as a sole source of nitrogen resulted in the up-regulation of the AtALN gene.”
Claim · model-written summary
Black locust RpALN expression varied among cotyledons, axis, and hypocotyls during germination and seedling growth.
- Taxon
- black locustRobinia pseudoacaciae0
- Organ / stage
- cotyledons, axis, and hypocotyls during seed germination and seedling growthe0
- Gene
- RpALNe0
- Outcome
- differentially regulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The black locust gene (RpALN) was differentially regulated in cotyledons, axis, and hypocotyls during seed germination and seedling growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Black locust RpALN was not expressed in roots.
- Taxon
- black locustRobinia pseudoacaciae0
- Organ / stage
- root tissuese0
- Gene
- RpALNe0
- Outcome
- not expressede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The black locust gene (RpALN) was differentially regulated in cotyledons, axis, and hypocotyls during seed germination and seedling growth, but was not expressed in root tissues.”
Claim · model-written summary
In mature black locust trunk, RpALN expression was high in bark and cambium but undetectable in sapwood and transition zone.
- Taxon
- black locustRobinia pseudoacaciae0
- Organ / stage
- bark/cambial regione0
- Gene
- RpALNe0
- Outcome
- highly expressede0
- Qualifier
- no detectable expression in the sapwood or sapwood-heartwood transition zonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the trunk wood of a mature black locust tree, the RpALN gene was highly expressed in the bark/cambial region, but had no detectable expression in the sapwood or sapwood-heartwood transition zone.”
Claim · model-written summary
RpALN expression in black locust bark and cambium increased in spring and fall compared with summer.
- Taxon
- black locustRobinia pseudoacaciae0
- Organ / stage
- bark/cambial regione0
- Gene
- RpALNe0
- Outcome
- gene expressione0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
- Comparator
- summere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the trunk wood of a mature black locust tree, the RpALN gene was highly expressed in the bark/cambial region, but had no detectable expression in the sapwood or sapwood-heartwood transition zone. In addition, the gene expression in the bark/cambial region was up-regulated in spring and fall when compared with summer”
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See all 18 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.