Abstract
ABSTRACT A researcher-managed on-farm experiment was conducted on a soil with low 1.90 mg/kg available phosphorus (P) to evaluate nutrient carryover from soybean grown under different P management options and productivity of maize grown in rotation. Promiscuously nodulating 110-day maturing soybean variety TGx 1479-1E was planted under eight fertilizer treatments comprising of two levels of nitrogen (N 0 and 60 kg ha−1) and four P (0,15, 30 and 60 kg ha−1) levels. In the following year, maize variety, DMLSR-Y was sown without fertilizer on soybean fallow plots with two bush fallow treatments at zero and 60 kg N ha−1 as checks for system efficiency evaluation. Soybean yields at N = 60 and 0 kg ha−1 could be described as Yield60 = 1407.2 + 31.159P − 0.3284P2, R2 = 0.99 and Yield0 = 1590.4 − 7.367P + 0.2694P2, R2 = 0.96. With 0 kg N, P fertilization resulted in 66–75% of total soybean N uptake in pods while that in stover decreased from 29 to 19%. Conversely, with 60 kg N, P fertilization caused 11% reduction in pods N and proportional increase in stover. Higher the N in stover, higher was the N carryover in litter fall and roots to subsequent cereal, although all above ground biomass was removed from the field in line with current farmer practice. Soil N mining by soybean was lowered by application of P at N0 while it increased with P at N60. Maize yield response to P fertilization was Yield0 = 1496 + 8.14P − 0.0758P2, R2 = 0.76 and Yield60 = 1791.7 − 14.79P + 0.1727P2, R2 = 0.93. Maize following soybean yielded 4–28% higher than the yield from bush fallow but 19–32% lower than the maize supplied with 60 kg N ha−1. Of the N estimated to have been retained in the field only 10% was recovered in the maize and remaining was lost to leaching, carried away by wind and animal grazing. Soil N monitored during non-cropped and cropped periods showed greater nutrient concentrations in the soybean fallow plots than in the bush fallow plots, which declined rapidly with increasing rainfall. Overall results shows that maize following soybean was productive, soil nutrient conserving and nutrient efficient than the maize grown on the bush fallow plots. Economic analysis of the two production systems showed that gross returns from soybean-maize rotation were $275–617 higher than the maize-maize rotation with no N inputs at all levels of P. The gross returns were comparable to the maize-maize rotation with 60-kg N ha-1 from soybean fallow plots with 60 kg N and at least 30-kg P ha-1. Farmer adoption and profitability may be further enhanced with strategies that improve nutrient recovery in subsequent maize and retain maximum stover as litter fall in the field.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean yield responses to P differed between nitrogen rates, with fitted equations reported.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- N = 60 and 0 kg ha−1e0
- Outcome
- Soybean yieldse0
- Qualifier
- R2 = 0.99 and Yield0 = 1590.4 − 7.367P + 0.2694P2, R2 = 0.96e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean yields at N = 60 and 0 kg ha−1 could be described as Yield60 = 1407.2 + 31.159P − 0.3284P2, R2 = 0.99 and Yield0 = 1590.4 − 7.367P + 0.2694P2, R2 = 0.96”
Claim · model-written summary
With zero nitrogen, P fertilization placed 66–75% of soybean N uptake in pods.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- P fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- total soybean N uptake in podse0
- Value
- 66–75%e0
- Qualifier
- 0 kg Ne0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With 0 kg N, P fertilization resulted in 66–75% of total soybean N uptake in pods”
Claim · model-written summary
With zero nitrogen and P fertilization, soybean stover N allocation decreased from 29 to 19%.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- P fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- stovere0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 29 to 19%e0
- Qualifier
- 0 kg Ne0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With 0 kg N, P fertilization resulted in 66–75% of total soybean N uptake in pods while that in stover decreased from 29 to 19%”
Claim · model-written summary
With 60 kg N, P fertilization reduced soybean pod N by 11%.
- Taxon
- Soybean-Maizet0
- Treatment
- P fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- pods Ne0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 11%e0
- Qualifier
- 60 kg Ne0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“with 60 kg N, P fertilization caused 11% reduction in pods N”
t0“Soybean-Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
With 60 kg N, P fertilization proportionally increased soybean stover N.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“with 60 kg N, P fertilization caused 11% reduction in pods N and proportional increase in stover”
t0“Soybean-Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher stover N was associated with higher N carryover to the next cereal.
Verbatim
e0“Higher the N in stover, higher was the N carryover in litter fall and roots to subsequent cereal”
t0“Soybean-Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
P application at N0 lowered soil N mining by soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- application of Pe0
- Outcome
- Soil N mining by soybeane0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Qualifier
- N0e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil N mining by soybean was lowered by application of P at N0”
Claim · model-written summary
P application at N60 increased soil N mining by soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Pe0
- Outcome
- Soil N mining by soybeane0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- N60e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil N mining by soybean was lowered by application of P at N0 while it increased with P at N60”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize yield response to P was described by different equations at the two N rates.
Zea maysNot reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize yield response to P fertilization was Yield0 = 1496 + 8.14P − 0.0758P2, R2 = 0.76 and Yield60 = 1791.7 − 14.79P + 0.1727P2, R2 = 0.93”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize following soybean yielded 4–28% more than after bush fallow.
- Treatment
- following soybeane0
- Outcome
- Maize following soybean yieldede0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 4–28%e0
- Comparator
- bush fallowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize following soybean yielded 4–28% higher than the yield from bush fallow”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize following soybean yielded 19–32% less than maize supplied with 60 kg N ha−1.
- Treatment
- following soybeane0
- Outcome
- Maize following soybean yieldede0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 19–32%e0
- Comparator
- maize supplied with 60 kg N ha−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize following soybean yielded 4–28% higher than the yield from bush fallow but 19–32% lower than the maize supplied with 60 kg N ha−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize recovered only 10% of the nitrogen estimated as retained in the field.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Of the N estimated to have been retained in the field only 10% was recovered in the maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil N concentration was greater in soybean fallow plots than bush fallow plots.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- soybean fallow plotse0
- Outcome
- nutrient concentrationse0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- bush fallow plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil N monitored during non-cropped and cropped periods showed greater nutrient concentrations in the soybean fallow plots than in the bush fallow plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil nutrient concentrations declined rapidly with increasing rainfall.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- nutrient concentrationse0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Setting
- soybean fallow plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nutrient concentrations in the soybean fallow plots than in the bush fallow plots, which declined rapidly with increasing rainfall”
Claim · model-written summary
The soybean-maize rotation had gross returns $275–617 above maize-maize rotation without N inputs.
Verbatim
e0“gross returns from soybean-maize rotation were $275–617 higher than the maize-maize rotation with no N inputs at all levels of P”
Claim · model-written summary
Gross returns from soybean fallow with 60 kg N and at least 30 kg P were comparable to maize-maize rotation with 60 kg N.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- soybean fallow plots with 60 kg N and at least 30-kg P ha-1e0
- Outcome
- gross returnse0
- Direction
- comparablee0
- Comparator
- maize-maize rotation with 60-kg N ha-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The gross returns were comparable to the maize-maize rotation with 60-kg N ha-1 from soybean fallow plots with 60 kg N and at least 30-kg P ha-1”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest improving nutrient recovery and retaining stover litter to enhance adoption and profitability.
- Outcome
- strategies that improve nutrient recovery in subsequent maize and retain maximum stover as litter fall in the fielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Farmer adoption and profitability may be further enhanced with strategies that improve nutrient recovery in subsequent maize and retain maximum stover as litter fall in the field”
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