Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the accumulation and distribution of cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) in different portions of plants of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L., cv. Oleko) grown in soil with contaminants (5, 300, 400 mg kg–1 of Cd, Zn and Cu, respectively) and without (untreated soil as a control) from the emergence of cotyledon leaves until to two phenological stages: flower bud (R-1) and maturity (R- 9). Sunflower accumulated considerable amounts of heavy metals in both phenological stages showing slight reductions of dry matter production. At R-1 stage, Cd, Zn and Cu were accumulated mainly in the roots with concentrations respectively up to 5.4, 233 and 160 mg kg–1 of dry matter with a low translocation from roots to the aerial part. Yet at the R-1 stage, the bioconcentration factor (BCF) of Cd showed a significantly higher value in the Cd-Zn-Cu treatment (0.27) with respect to the untreated control (0.02), vice versa was observed for Cu, whereas no significant difference between treatments was observed for Zn (0.12 on average). However among metals, Cd showed the highest value of BCF. Referring only to the epigeous portion, differences in the accumulation and distribution of the three metals in the treated plants were found in both phenological stages; indeed passing from flower bud to the maturity stage, Cd, Zn and Cu concentrations increased in the stems and leaves, particularly in the old ones, whereas decreased in the heads. Metal accumulation in the achenes was very low and never exceed the toxicity threshold value considered for livestock. The high storage of heavy metals in roots and the probable re-translocation of the three metals along the plant during the growing cycle could be considered as a strategy of sunflower to preserve young metabolically-active leaves and reproductive organs from toxic metal concentrations.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Sunflower accumulated heavy metals with slight reductions in dry matter.
- Taxon
- Sunflower
Helianthus annuuse0 - Outcome
- dry matter productione0
- Direction
- reductionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sunflower accumulated considerable amounts of heavy metals in both phenological stages showing slight reductions of dry matter production.”
Claim · model-written summary
At R-1, Cd accumulated mainly in roots, reaching 5.4 mg kg–1 dry matter.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- Cde0
- Value
- 5.4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At R-1 stage, Cd, Zn and Cu were accumulated mainly in the roots with concentrations respectively up to 5.4, 233 and 160 mg kg–1 of dry matter”
t0“Trace element accumulation and distribution in sunflower plants at the stages of flower bud and maturity”
Claim · model-written summary
At R-1, Zn accumulated mainly in roots, reaching 233 mg kg–1 dry matter.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- Zne0
- Value
- 233e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At R-1 stage, Cd, Zn and Cu were accumulated mainly in the roots with concentrations respectively up to 5.4, 233 and 160 mg kg–1 of dry matter”
t0“Trace element accumulation and distribution in sunflower plants at the stages of flower bud and maturity”
Claim · model-written summary
At R-1, Cu accumulated mainly in roots, reaching 160 mg kg–1 dry matter.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- Cue0
- Value
- 160 mg kg–1 of dry mattere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At R-1 stage, Cd, Zn and Cu were accumulated mainly in the roots with concentrations respectively up to 5.4, 233 and 160 mg kg–1 of dry matter”
t0“Trace element accumulation and distribution in sunflower plants at the stages of flower bud and maturity”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd bioconcentration was higher with metal treatment than in control.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- Cd-Zn-Cu treatmente0
- Outcome
- bioconcentration factor (BCF) of Cde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 0.27e0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the bioconcentration factor (BCF) of Cd showed a significantly higher value in the Cd-Zn-Cu treatment (0.27) with respect to the untreated control (0.02)”
t0“Trace element accumulation and distribution in sunflower plants at the stages of flower bud and maturity”
Claim · model-written summary
Cu bioconcentration showed the reverse of the Cd treatment response.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Outcome
- Cue0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“vice versa was observed for Cu”
t0“Trace element accumulation and distribution in sunflower plants at the stages of flower bud and maturity”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn bioconcentration did not differ significantly between treatments, averaging 0.12.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Outcome
- Zne0
- Direction
- no significant differencee0
- Value
- 0.12e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no significant difference between treatments was observed for Zn (0.12 on average)”
t0“Trace element accumulation and distribution in sunflower plants at the stages of flower bud and maturity”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd had the highest BCF among the metals.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Outcome
- Cd showed the highest value of BCFe0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“among metals, Cd showed the highest value of BCF”
t0“Trace element accumulation and distribution in sunflower plants at the stages of flower bud and maturity”
Claim · model-written summary
Cd, Zn and Cu rose in stems and leaves from flower bud to maturity.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Organ / stage
- stems and leavese0
- Outcome
- Cd, Zn and Cu concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“passing from flower bud to the maturity stage, Cd, Zn and Cu concentrations increased in the stems and leaves, particularly in the old ones”
t0“Trace element accumulation and distribution in sunflower plants at the stages of flower bud and maturity”
Claim · model-written summary
Metal concentrations fell in heads from flower bud to maturity.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Outcome
- headse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whereas decreased in the heads”
t0“Trace element accumulation and distribution in sunflower plants at the stages of flower bud and maturity”
Claim · model-written summary
Metal accumulation in achenes was very low and below livestock toxicity threshold.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Organ / stage
- achenese0
- Outcome
- Metal accumulatione0
- Direction
- very lowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Metal accumulation in the achenes was very low and never exceed the toxicity threshold value considered for livestock.”
t0“Trace element accumulation and distribution in sunflower plants at the stages of flower bud and maturity”
Claim · model-written summary
Root storage and probable retranslocation may protect young leaves and reproductive organs.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Outcome
- preserve young metabolically-active leaves and reproductive organs from toxic metal concentrationse0
- Qualifier
- high storage of heavy metals in roots and the probable re-translocation of the three metalse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The high storage of heavy metals in roots and the probable re-translocation of the three metals along the plant during the growing cycle could be considered as a strategy of sunflower to preserve young metabolically-active leaves and reproductive organs from toxic metal concentrations.”
The same questions in other papers
cadmium atom · nutrient: content · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 11 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
9 papers more in this group
See all 13 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.