Abstract
The broadleaf auxinic herbicide clopyralid was applied to three varieties of corn (Pioneer 36B08, Pioneer 3730, and Pioneer 3559) to determine whether it was phytotoxic to this crop. The effects of clopyralid on the growth and development of corn were compared with those induced by the auxinic herbicides dicamba, 2,4-D, picloram, and fluroxypyr. When compared with the other auxinic herbicides, clopyralid, applied as a foliar spray at the three- and six-leaf stages of development, caused the least damage to all three varieties of corn. Among the auxinic herbicides tested, fluroxypyr and dicamba caused severe damage to the three varieties, whereas picloram and 2,4-D had significant detrimental effects on the growth and development of varieties 36B08 and 3730. Similar results were also obtained when corn seeds were germinated in petri dishes containing increasing concentrations of the auxinic herbicides. In addition to correlating these growth and development effects with auxinic herbicide–induced physiological changes in corn, we compared the effects of clopyralid and dicamba on proton efflux from isolated protoplasts of the three varieties. Results of these biophysical studies are consistent with those from our growth and developmental studies and confirm that clopyralid is least effective in eliciting a response in corn when compared with dicamba. We conclude that clopyralid does not cause the deleterious effects seen with other auxinic herbicides when sprayed under optimal environmental conditions, i.e., high humidity and temperature.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Clopyralid caused the least damage to three corn varieties among herbicides tested.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Organ / stage
- three- and six-leaf stagese0
- Treatment
- clopyralide0
- Outcome
- damagee0
- Direction
- leaste0
- Comparator
- other auxinic herbicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When compared with the other auxinic herbicides, clopyralid, applied as a foliar spray at the three- and six-leaf stages of development, caused the least damage to all three varieties of corn.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fluroxypyr caused severe damage to three corn varieties.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- fluroxypyre0
- Outcome
- damagee0
- Direction
- severee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among the auxinic herbicides tested, fluroxypyr and dicamba caused severe damage to the three varieties, whereas picloram and 2,4-D had significant detrimental effects on the growth and development of varieties 36B08 and 3730.”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Dicamba caused severe damage to three corn varieties.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- dicambae0
- Outcome
- damagee0
- Direction
- severee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among the auxinic herbicides tested, fluroxypyr and dicamba caused severe damage to the three varieties, whereas picloram and 2,4-D had significant detrimental effects on the growth and development of varieties 36B08 and 3730.”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Picloram significantly harmed growth and development of corn varieties 36B08 and 3730.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Material
- 36B08 and 3730e0
- Treatment
- piclorame0
- Outcome
- growth and developmente0
- Direction
- detrimentale0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“picloram and 2,4-D had significant detrimental effects on the growth and development of varieties 36B08 and 3730.”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
2,4-D significantly harmed growth and development of corn varieties 36B08 and 3730.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Material
- 36B08 and 3730e0
- Treatment
- 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- growth and developmente0
- Direction
- detrimentale0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“picloram and 2,4-D had significant detrimental effects on the growth and development of varieties 36B08 and 3730.”
t0“corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Petri dish corn seed germination showed similar herbicide response patterns.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Outcome
- Similar resultse0
- Setting
- petri dishese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similar results were also obtained when corn seeds were germinated in petri dishes containing increasing concentrations of the auxinic herbicides.”
Claim · model-written summary
Clopyralid elicited less corn protoplast proton efflux response than dicamba.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- clopyralide0
- Outcome
- responsee0
- Direction
- leaste0
- Comparator
- dicambae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Results of these biophysical studies are consistent with those from our growth and developmental studies and confirm that clopyralid is least effective in eliciting a response in corn when compared with dicamba.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude clopyralid avoids harmful effects of other auxinic herbicides under optimal spray conditions.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- clopyralide0
- Outcome
- does not cause the deleterious effectse0
- Qualifier
- high humidity and temperaturee0
- Comparator
- other auxinic herbicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We conclude that clopyralid does not cause the deleterious effects seen with other auxinic herbicides when sprayed under optimal environmental conditions, i.e., high humidity and temperature.”
t0“corn”
The same questions in other papers
2,4-D · growth · Zea mays (maize)Results differ
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 37 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
42 papers more in this group
See all 46 papers →picloram · growth · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
dicamba · pest · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.