Abstract
The development of glufosinate-resistant corn represents a new weed management system for corn growers. Field experiments were conducted from 1995 to 1997 at four locations in southwestern Ontario. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of timing of weed control relative to the growth stage of corn with glufosinate applied alone or in combination with residual herbicides. Control of all species tested improved with the addition of atrazine plus dicamba to glufosinate, applied from the two- to eight-leaf stage of corn growth. Based on a 90% weed dry matter reduction, glufosinate with atrazine plus dicamba controlled common ragweed, common lambsquarters, and pigweed species at the three-leaf stage of corn and yellow foxtail, barnyardgrass, and large crabgrass at the two-, four-, and eight-leaf stage of corn, respectively. Weed control with glufosinate alone was improved when applied at the later growth stages of corn. Glufosinate applied alone at the four-leaf stage of corn controlled common ragweed and common lambsquarters, whereas pigweed species were controlled effectively at the eight-leaf stage of corn growth. Corn grain yield was consistently higher when glufosinate was applied in combination with residual herbicides, compared to glufosinate alone. Glufosinate in combination with residual herbicides applied to corn at the three- to five-leaf stage may represent the best timing for weed control. Our data suggested that a tank mixture of glufosinate with other postemergence residual herbicides or a split application of glufosinate in combination with cultivation may be required for weed control in glufosinate-resistant corn.Nomenclature: Atrazine; dicamba; SAN 582 (proposed name, dimethenamid), 2-chloro-N-[(1-methyl-2-methoxy)ethyl]-N-(2,4-dimethyl-thien-3-yl)-acetamide; glufosinate; metolachlor; redroot pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus L. #3 AMARE; common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. # CHEAL; yellow foxtail, Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. # SETGL; large crabgrass, Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. # DIGSA; barnyardgrass, Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. # ECHCR; common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. # AMBEL; corn, Zea mays L.Additional index words: Integrated weed management.Abbreviations: DAE, days after emergence; DM, dry matter; HRC, herbicide-resistant crops; IWM, integrated weed management; POST, postemergence; PRE, preemergence.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Adding atrazine plus dicamba to glufosinate improved control of all tested weeds.
- Taxon
- Corn
Zea mays subsp. mayst0 - Organ / stage
- two- to eight-leaf stagee0
- Treatment
- addition of atrazine plus dicamba to glufosinatee0
- Outcome
- Control of all species testede0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn (Zea mays)”
e0“Control of all species tested improved with the addition of atrazine plus dicamba to glufosinate, applied from the two- to eight-leaf stage of corn growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
The mixture controlled common ragweed at the three leaf stage based on 90% weed dry matter reduction.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Organ / stage
- three-leaf stagee0
- Treatment
- glufosinate with atrazine plus dicambae0
- Interactor
- common ragweed
Ambrosia artemisiifoliae0weed - Outcome
- controlled common ragweede0
- Value
- 90%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn (Zea mays)”
e0“Based on a 90% weed dry matter reduction, glufosinate with atrazine plus dicamba controlled common ragweed, common lambsquarters, and pigweed species at the three-leaf stage of corn”
Claim · model-written summary
The mixture controlled common lambsquarters at the three leaf stage.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Organ / stage
- three-leaf stagee0
- Treatment
- glufosinate with atrazine plus dicambae0
- Interactor
- common lambsquarters
Chenopodium albume0weed - Outcome
- common lambsquarterse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn (Zea mays)”
e0“glufosinate with atrazine plus dicamba controlled common ragweed, common lambsquarters, and pigweed species at the three-leaf stage of corn”
Claim · model-written summary
The mixture controlled pigweed species at the three leaf stage.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Organ / stage
- three-leaf stagee0
- Treatment
- glufosinate with atrazine plus dicambae0
- Interactor
- pigweed speciese0weed
- Outcome
- pigweed speciese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn (Zea mays)”
e0“glufosinate with atrazine plus dicamba controlled common ragweed, common lambsquarters, and pigweed species at the three-leaf stage of corn”
Claim · model-written summary
The mixture controlled yellow foxtail at the two leaf stage.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Organ / stage
- two-e0
- Treatment
- glufosinate with atrazine plus dicambae1
- Interactor
- yellow foxtail
Setaria pumilae0weed - Outcome
- yellow foxtaile0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn (Zea mays)”
e0“yellow foxtail, barnyardgrass, and large crabgrass at the two-, four-, and eight-leaf stage of corn, respectively”
e1“glufosinate with atrazine plus dicamba controlled common ragweed”
Claim · model-written summary
The mixture controlled barnyardgrass at the four leaf stage.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Organ / stage
- four-e0
- Treatment
- glufosinate with atrazine plus dicambae1
- Interactor
- barnyardgrass
Echinochloa crus-gallie0weed - Outcome
- barnyardgrasse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn (Zea mays)”
e0“yellow foxtail, barnyardgrass, and large crabgrass at the two-, four-, and eight-leaf stage of corn, respectively”
e1“glufosinate with atrazine plus dicamba controlled common ragweed”
Claim · model-written summary
The mixture controlled large crabgrass at the eight leaf stage.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Organ / stage
- eight-leaf stagee0
- Treatment
- glufosinate with atrazine plus dicambae1
- Interactor
- large crabgrasse0weed
- Outcome
- large crabgrasse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn (Zea mays)”
e0“yellow foxtail, barnyardgrass, and large crabgrass at the two-, four-, and eight-leaf stage of corn, respectively”
e1“glufosinate with atrazine plus dicamba controlled common ragweed”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed control with glufosinate alone improved at later corn growth stages.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Organ / stage
- later growth stagese0
- Treatment
- glufosinate alonee0
- Outcome
- Weed controle0
- Direction
- improvede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn (Zea mays)”
e0“Weed control with glufosinate alone was improved when applied at the later growth stages of corn.”
Claim · model-written summary
Glufosinate alone controlled common ragweed at the four leaf stage.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Organ / stage
- four-leaf stagee0
- Treatment
- Glufosinate applied alonee0
- Interactor
- common ragweedAmbrosia artemisiifoliae0weed
- Outcome
- controlled common ragweede0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn (Zea mays)”
e0“Glufosinate applied alone at the four-leaf stage of corn controlled common ragweed and common lambsquarters”
Claim · model-written summary
Glufosinate alone controlled common lambsquarters at the four leaf stage.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Organ / stage
- four-leaf stagee0
- Treatment
- Glufosinate applied alonee0
- Interactor
- common lambsquartersChenopodium albume0weed
- Outcome
- common lambsquarterse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn (Zea mays)”
e0“Glufosinate applied alone at the four-leaf stage of corn controlled common ragweed and common lambsquarters”
Claim · model-written summary
Glufosinate alone controlled pigweed species at the eight leaf stage.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Organ / stage
- eight-leaf stagee0
- Treatment
- Glufosinate applied alonee1
- Interactor
- pigweed speciese0weed
- Outcome
- pigweed species were controlled effectivelye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn (Zea mays)”
e0“pigweed species were controlled effectively at the eight-leaf stage of corn growth.”
e1“Glufosinate applied alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn grain yield was higher with glufosinate plus residual herbicides than glufosinate alone.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- glufosinate was applied in combination with residual herbicidese0
- Outcome
- Corn grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- glufosinate alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Corn grain yield was consistently higher when glufosinate was applied in combination with residual herbicides, compared to glufosinate alone.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identify the three to five leaf stage as the best timing for mixture application and weed control.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Organ / stage
- three- to five-leaf stagee0
- Treatment
- Glufosinate in combination with residual herbicidese0
- Outcome
- best timing for weed controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn (Zea mays)”
e0“Glufosinate in combination with residual herbicides applied to corn at the three- to five-leaf stage may represent the best timing for weed control.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest a glufosinate tank mixture with postemergence residual herbicides may be required for weed control.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- a tank mixture of glufosinate with other postemergence residual herbicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn (Zea mays)”
e0“a tank mixture of glufosinate with other postemergence residual herbicides or a split application of glufosinate in combination with cultivation may be required for weed control in glufosinate-resistant corn”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest split glufosinate application with cultivation may be required for weed control.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- a split application of glufosinate in combination with cultivatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn (Zea mays)”
e0“a tank mixture of glufosinate with other postemergence residual herbicides or a split application of glufosinate in combination with cultivation may be required for weed control in glufosinate-resistant corn”
The same questions in other papers
glufosinate · yield · Zea mays (maize)Results differ
10 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction · 4 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- negative
18 papers more in this group
See all 22 papers →atrazine · Echinochloa crus-galli · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- positive
glufosinate · Chenopodium album · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- no effect
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →dicamba · Chenopodium album · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →atrazine · Ambrosia artemisiifolia · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
7 papers more in this group
See all 11 papers →atrazine · Chenopodium album · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- positive
- positive
7 papers more in this group
See all 11 papers →dicamba · control · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
30 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- no effect
33 papers more in this group
See all 37 papers →atrazine · control · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
68 papers in the same direction as this paper · 15 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- no effect
82 papers more in this group
See all 86 papers →8 of 13 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.