Abstract
The alleviation of soil physical constraints limiting crop production is considered important to increase agricultural production and sustaining the productivity of soils. The results of several field experiments conducted during the last two and a half decades to identify soil physical constraints in the state of Haryana (India) and to generate different technologies for their management are discussed. The major soil physical constraints found to impair soil quality and hence reduce crop growth include high soil permeability, soil crusting, sub-surface mechanical impedance and soil hardening. Studies indicated that the compaction of highly permeable soils by six passes of 1,500 kg tractor driven iron roller reduced water and nutrient losses, increased moisture retention in the soil profile and reduced the irrigation requirements for crops. The yields of various crops were either increased or remained unaffected upon compaction. The application of farmyard manure (FYM) on seed lines at the rate of 4 t ha -1 as mulch reduced the adverse effect of surface soil crusting on crop establishment and increased the yields of pearl millet and cotton quite significantly. High sub-surface mechanical impedance was found to affect plant growth more in legumes than in cereals. In these soils, deep tillage was found to be very effective in reducing the bulk density in sub-soil, increasing infiltration rate and yield of wheat. Incorporation of sesbania as green manure and the application of FYM were found to be useful in reducing the nitrogen requirement and improving the soil physical conditions of soils that set hard upon wetting and are under rice-wheat cropping system. The yield of both the crops were found to be higher where crop residues were burnt in situ followed by residue incorporation with 25 per cent extra nitrogen.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Compaction of highly permeable soils reduced water and nutrient losses in Haryana.
- Taxon
- cropse2
- Treatment
- compaction of highly permeable soils by six passes of 1,500 kg tractor driven iron rollere0
- Outcome
- water and nutrient lossese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Setting
- state of Haryana (India)e7
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the compaction of highly permeable soils by six passes of 1,500 kg tractor driven iron roller reduced water and nutrient losses”
e2“reduced the irrigation requirements for crops”
e7“in the state of Haryana (India)”
Claim · model-written summary
Compaction of highly permeable soils increased moisture retention in the soil profile.
- Taxon
- cropse2
- Treatment
- compaction of highly permeable soils by six passes of 1,500 kg tractor driven iron rollere0
- Outcome
- moisture retention in the soil profilee1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the compaction of highly permeable soils by six passes of 1,500 kg tractor driven iron roller reduced water and nutrient losses”
e1“increased moisture retention in the soil profile”
e2“reduced the irrigation requirements for crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Compaction of highly permeable soils reduced irrigation requirements for crops.
- Taxon
- cropse2
- Treatment
- compaction of highly permeable soils by six passes of 1,500 kg tractor driven iron rollere0
- Outcome
- irrigation requirementse2
- Direction
- reducede2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the compaction of highly permeable soils by six passes of 1,500 kg tractor driven iron roller reduced water and nutrient losses”
e2“reduced the irrigation requirements for crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Compaction either increased or did not change yields of various crops.
- Taxon
- various cropse3
- Treatment
- compactione3
- Outcome
- yieldse3
- Direction
- either increased or remained unaffectede3
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e3“The yields of various crops were either increased or remained unaffected upon compaction”
Claim · model-written summary
Farmyard manure mulch at 4 t/ha reduced the adverse effect of surface soil crusting on crop establishment.
- Taxon
- crope4
- Treatment
- application of farmyard manure (FYM) on seed lines at the rate of 4 t ha -1 as mulche4
- Outcome
- adverse effect of surface soil crusting on crop establishmente4
- Direction
- reducede4
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e4“The application of farmyard manure (FYM) on seed lines at the rate of 4 t ha -1 as mulch reduced the adverse effect of surface soil crusting on crop establishment”
Claim · model-written summary
Farmyard manure mulch increased pearl millet yield significantly.
- Taxon
- pearl millet
Cenchrus americanuse5 - Treatment
- application of farmyard manure (FYM) on seed lines at the rate of 4 t ha -1 as mulche4
- Outcome
- yieldse5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The application of farmyard manure (FYM) on seed lines at the rate of 4 t ha -1 as mulch reduced the adverse effect of surface soil crusting on crop establishment”
e5“increased the yields of pearl millet and cotton quite significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
Farmyard manure mulch increased cotton yield significantly.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume5 - Treatment
- application of farmyard manure (FYM) on seed lines at the rate of 4 t ha -1 as mulche4
- Outcome
- yieldse5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The application of farmyard manure (FYM) on seed lines at the rate of 4 t ha -1 as mulch reduced the adverse effect of surface soil crusting on crop establishment”
e5“increased the yields of pearl millet and cotton quite significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
High sub-surface mechanical impedance affects plant growth more in legumes than in cereals.
Verbatim
e6“High sub-surface mechanical impedance was found to affect plant growth more in legumes than in cereals”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep tillage reduced sub-soil bulk density in wheat fields.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume7 - Treatment
- deep tillagee7
- Outcome
- bulk density in sub-soile7
- Direction
- reducinge7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“deep tillage was found to be very effective in reducing the bulk density in sub-soil, increasing infiltration rate and yield of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep tillage increased infiltration rate in wheat fields.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume7
- Treatment
- deep tillagee7
- Outcome
- infiltration ratee7
- Direction
- increasinge7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“deep tillage was found to be very effective in reducing the bulk density in sub-soil, increasing infiltration rate and yield of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Deep tillage increased wheat yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume7
- Treatment
- deep tillagee7
- Outcome
- yield of wheate7
- Direction
- increasinge7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“deep tillage was found to be very effective in reducing the bulk density in sub-soil, increasing infiltration rate and yield of wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Sesbania green manure and FYM reduced the nitrogen requirement of crops.
- Taxon
- cropse2
- Treatment
- Incorporation of sesbania as green manure and the application of FYMe3
- Outcome
- nitrogen requiremente3
- Direction
- reducinge3
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e2“reduced the irrigation requirements for crops”
e3“Incorporation of sesbania as green manure and the application of FYM were found to be useful in reducing the nitrogen requirement and improving the soil physical conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Sesbania green manure and FYM improved soil physical conditions on hard-setting soils.
- Taxon
- cropse2
- Treatment
- Incorporation of sesbania as green manure and the application of FYMe3
- Outcome
- soil physical conditionse3
- Direction
- improvinge3
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e2“reduced the irrigation requirements for crops”
e3“Incorporation of sesbania as green manure and the application of FYM were found to be useful in reducing the nitrogen requirement and improving the soil physical conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Burning residues in situ followed by incorporation with 25 per cent extra nitrogen gave higher yields of both crops.
- Taxon
- both the cropse3
- Treatment
- crop residues were burnt in situ followed by residue incorporation with 25 per cent extra nitrogene3
- Outcome
- yielde3
- Direction
- highere3
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e3“The yield of both the crops were found to be higher where crop residues were burnt in situ followed by residue incorporation with 25 per cent extra nitrogen”
The same questions in other papers
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- no effect
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- negative
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- no effect
- negative
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496 papers in the same direction as this paper · 47 in the opposite direction · 6 reporting no difference from an alternative
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1,115 papers in the same direction as this paper · 257 in the opposite direction · 41 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
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See all 1,414 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.